{"id":1860,"date":"2020-12-01T02:57:16","date_gmt":"2020-11-30T21:27:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/learnsteer.sasnaka.org\/science\/?p=1860"},"modified":"2021-10-09T11:05:15","modified_gmt":"2021-10-09T05:35:15","slug":"06-02-01","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/learnsteer.sasnaka.org\/science\/advanced-level-science\/chemistry\/chemistry-06\/06-02-p-%e0%b6%9c%e0%b7%9c%e0%b6%b1%e0%b7%94%e0%b7%80\/06-02-01\/","title":{"rendered":"06.02.01 &#8211; p \u0d9c\u0ddc\u0db1\u0dd4\u0dc0 \u0dc4\u0dd0\u0db3\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dca\u0dc0\u0dd3\u0db8 \u0dc3\u0dc4 13 \u0d9a\u0dcf\u0dab\u0dca\u0da9\u0dba\u0dda \u0db8\u0dd6\u0dbd\u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dc0\u0dca\u200d\u0dba \u0dc0\u0dbd \u0dbb\u0dc3\u0dcf\u0dba\u0db1\u0dba"},"content":{"rendered":"\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons aligncenter is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-shadow\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link\" style=\"border-radius: 15px\" href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/uc?export=download&amp;id=11j7Q_HejHtmYaI6TqCR0C8jl9zEf1iN3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u0db4\u0dcf\u0da9\u0db8\u0dda \u0dc3\u0da7\u0dc4\u0db1 Download \u0d9a\u0dbb\u0d9c\u0db1\u0dca\u0db1.<\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>\u0dc3\u0d82\u0dba\u0dd4\u0da2\u0dad\u0dcf \u0d9a\u0dc0\u0da0\u0dba\u0da7 \u0d85\u0dc0\u0dc3\u0dcf\u0db1\u0dba\u0da7 \u0db4\u0dd2\u0dbb\u0dd9\u0db1 \u0d89\u0dbd\u0dd9\u0d9a\u0dca\u0da7\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0ddd\u0db1 p \u0d8b\u0db4\u0dc1\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dad\u0dd2 \u0db8\u0da7\u0dca\u0da7\u0db8\u0da7 \u0db4\u0dd2\u0dbb\u0dd9\u0db1 \u0db8\u0dd6\u0dbd\u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dc0\u0dca\u200d\u0dba \u0dc3\u0db8\u0dd6\u0dc4\u0dba p \u0d9c\u0ddc\u0db1\u0dd4\u0dc0\u0da7 \u0d85\u0dba\u0dad\u0dca \u0dc0\u0dda. 13,14,15,16,17,18 \u0dba\u0db1 \u0d9a\u0dcf\u0dab\u0dca\u0da9 p \u0d9c\u0ddc\u0db1\u0dd4\u0dc0\u0da7 \u0d85\u0dba\u0dad\u0dca \u0dc0\u0dda.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\">\r\n<table class=\"has-subtle-pale-blue-background-color has-background\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>13 (ns<sup>2<\/sup>np<sup>1<\/sup>)<\/th>\r\n<th>14 (ns<sup>2<\/sup>np<sup>2<\/sup>)<\/th>\r\n<th>15 (ns<sup>2<\/sup>np<sup>3<\/sup>)<\/th>\r\n<th>16 (ns<sup>2<\/sup>np<sup>4<\/sup>)<\/th>\r\n<th>17 (ns<sup>2<\/sup>np<sup>5<\/sup>)<\/th>\r\n<th>18 (ns<sup>2<\/sup>np<sup>6<\/sup>)<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<td><strong>He<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>B<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><strong>C<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><strong>N<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><strong>O<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><strong>F<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><strong>Ne<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Al<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><strong>Si<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><strong>P<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><strong>S<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><strong>Cl<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><strong>Ar<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Ga<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><strong>Ge<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><strong>As<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><strong>Se<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><strong>Br<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><strong>Kr<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>In<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><strong>Sn<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><strong>Sb<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><strong>Te<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><strong>I<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><strong>Xe<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Tl<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><strong>Pb<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><strong>Bi<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><strong>Po<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><strong>At<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><strong>Rn<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<p>\u00a0 A\/L \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0dc2\u0dba \u0db1\u0dd2\u0dbb\u0dca\u0daf\u0dda\u0dc1\u0dba\u0da7 \u0d85\u0daf\u0dcf\u0dbd p \u0d9c\u0ddc\u0db1\u0dd4\u0dc0 \u0dc3\u0db8\u0dca\u0db6\u0db1\u0dca\u0db0 \u0db1\u0dca\u200d\u0dba\u0dcf\u0dba -1 \u0d9a\u0ddc\u0da7\u0dc3<\/p>\r\n<p>[youtube https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=3fpOSYw-dJ0]<\/p>\r\n<p>\u00a0 A\/L \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0dc2\u0dba \u0db1\u0dd2\u0dbb\u0dca\u0daf\u0dda\u0dc1\u0dba\u0da7 \u0d85\u0daf\u0dcf\u0dbd p \u0d9c\u0ddc\u0db1\u0dd4\u0dc0 \u0dc3\u0db8\u0dca\u0db6\u0db1\u0dca\u0db0 \u0db1\u0dca\u200d\u0dba\u0dcf\u0dba &#8211; 2 \u0d9a\u0ddc\u0da7\u0dc3<\/p>\r\n<p>[youtube https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=qC7o4ZODrac]<\/p>\r\n<p>\u00a0 A\/L \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0dc2\u0dba \u0db1\u0dd2\u0dbb\u0dca\u0daf\u0dda\u0dc1\u0dba\u0da7 \u0d85\u0daf\u0dcf\u0dbd p \u0d9c\u0ddc\u0db1\u0dd4\u0dc0 \u0dc3\u0db8\u0dca\u0db6\u0db1\u0dca\u0db0 \u0db1\u0dca\u200d\u0dba\u0dcf\u0dba &#8211; 3 \u0d9a\u0ddc\u0da7\u0dc3<\/p>\r\n<p>[youtube https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bb0gELH3LZ8]<\/p>\r\n<p>\u00a0 A\/L \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0dc2\u0dba \u0db1\u0dd2\u0dbb\u0dca\u0daf\u0dda\u0dc1\u0dba\u0da7 \u0d85\u0daf\u0dcf\u0dbd p \u0d9c\u0ddc\u0db1\u0dd4\u0dc0 \u0dc3\u0db8\u0dca\u0db6\u0db1\u0dca\u0db0 \u0db1\u0dca\u200d\u0dba\u0dcf\u0dba &#8211; 4 \u0d9a\u0ddc\u0da7\u0dc3<\/p>\r\n<p>[youtube https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=HHi-ZXg2Kyk]<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><strong>13 \u0d9a\u0dcf\u0dab\u0dca\u0da9\u0dba (ns<sup>2<\/sup>np<sup>1<\/sup>)<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\r\n<li>B (\u0db6\u0ddd\u0dbb\u0ddd\u0db1\u0dca) \u0dbd\u0ddd\u0dc4\u0dcf\u0dbd\u0ddd\u0dc4\u0dba\u0d9a\u0dca \u0dc0\u0db1 \u0d85\u0dad\u0dbb B \u0dc3\u0d82\u200d\u0dba\u0ddd\u0d9c \u0db6\u0ddc\u0dc4\u0ddd\u0db8\u0dba\u0d9a\u0dca \u0dc3\u0dc4\u0dc3\u0d82\u200d\u0dba\u0dd4\u0da2 \u0dc0\u0dda. B \u0dc4\u0dd2 \u0d9a\u0dd4\u0da9\u0dcf \u0db4\u0dbb\u0db8\u0dcf\u0dab\u0dd4\u0d9a \u0d85\u0dbb\u0dba \u0db1\u0dd2\u0dc3\u0dcf \u0d85\u0db1\u0dd9\u0d9a\u0dca \u0dc3\u0dcf\u0db8\u0dcf\u0da2\u0dd2\u0d9a\u0dba\u0db1\u0dca\u0d9c\u0dd9\u0db1\u0dca \u0dc0\u0dd9\u0db1\u0dc3\u0dca \u0dc0\u0dda. B 14 \u0d9a\u0dcf\u0dab\u0dca\u0da9\u0dba\u0dda Si \u0dc3\u0db8\u0d9f \u0db4\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0db6\u0dbd <span class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\" style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u0dc0\u0dd2\u0d9a\u0dbb\u0dca\u0dab \u0dc3\u0db8\u0dca\u0db6\u0db1\u0dca\u0db0\u0dad\u0dcf\u0dc0\u0d9a\u0dca<\/span> \u0db4\u0dd9\u0db1\u0dca\u0dc0\u0dba\u0dd2.<\/li>\r\n<li>Al \u0d8b\u0db7\u0dba\u0d9c\u0dd4\u0dab\u0dd3 \u0dbd\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dc2\u0dab \u0dc3\u0dc4\u0dd2\u0dad \u0dbd\u0ddd\u0dc4\u0dba\u0d9a\u0dd2.<\/li>\r\n<li>Ga, In, Tl \u0dbd\u0ddd\u0dc4 \u0dc0\u0dda.<\/li>\r\n<li>\u0db8\u0dd9\u0db8 \u0db8\u0dd6\u0dbd\u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dc0\u0dca\u200d\u0dba \u0dc0\u0dbd\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dca \u0dc3\u0dd1\u0daf\u0dd3 \u0d87\u0dad\u0dd2 \u0dc3\u0dbb\u0dbd \u0dc3\u0d82\u200d\u0dba\u0ddd\u0d9c\u0dc0\u0dbd \u0daf\u0dd3 \u0db8\u0dd6\u0dbd\u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dc0\u0dca\u200d\u0dba \u0d9a\u0dd2\u0da7\u0dca\u0da7\u0dd4\u0db8 \u0d8b\u0da0\u0dca\u0da0 \u0dc0\u0dcf\u0dba\u0dd4 \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dca\u200d\u0dba\u0dcf\u0dc3\u0dba \u0dbd\u0dd0\u0db6\u0dd3 \u0db1\u0dd0\u0dad. \u0d91\u0db8 \u0db1\u0dd2\u0dc3\u0dcf \u0d91\u0db8 \u0dc3\u0d82\u200d\u0dba\u0ddd\u0d9c\u0dba \u0d91\u0d9a\u0dc3\u0dbb \u0d89\u0dbd\u0dd9\u0d9a\u0dca\u0da7\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0ddd\u0db1 \u0dba\u0dd4\u0d9c\u0dbd \u0dc3\u0dc4\u0dd2\u0dad \u0db4\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0db7\u0dda\u0daf \u0dc3\u0db8\u0d9f \u0dc3\u0d82\u0d9c\u0dad \u0db6\u0db1\u0dca\u0db0\u0db1 \u0dc3\u0dcf\u0daf\u0dcf \u0d9c\u0db1\u0dd2\u0dba\u0dd2.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #333399\"><strong><span class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\">Al &#8211; \u0d87\u0dbd\u0dd4\u0db8\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dd2\u0dba\u0db8\u0dca &#8211; 1s<sup>2<\/sup>2s<sup>2<\/sup>2p<sup>6<\/sup>3s<sup>2<\/sup>3s<sup>2<\/sup>3p<sup>1<\/sup><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\r\n<li>\u0db1\u0dd2\u0dbd\u0dca \u0db4\u0dcf\u0da7\u0da7 \u0dc4\u0dd4\u0dbb\u0dd4 \u0dc3\u0dd4\u0daf\u0dd4 \u0db4\u0dd0\u0dc4\u0dd0\u0dad\u0dd2 \u0dc3\u0dd0\u0dc4\u0dd0\u0dbd\u0dca\u0dbd\u0dd4 \u0dc1\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dad\u0dd2\u0db8\u0dad\u0dca \u0dbd\u0ddd\u0dc4\u0dba\u0d9a\u0dd2.<\/li>\r\n<li>\u0daf\u0dd3\u0db4\u0dca\u0dad\u0dd2\u0db8\u0dad\u0dca\u200d \u0db4\u0dd8\u0dc2\u0dca\u0da8\u0dba\u0d9a\u0dca \u0dc3\u0dc4\u0dd2\u0dad\u0dba.<\/li>\r\n<li>\u0d9d\u0db1\u0dad\u0dca\u0dc0\u0dba \u0dc3\u0dcf\u0db4\u0dda\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dc2\u0dc0 \u0d85\u0da9\u0dd4\u0dba.<\/li>\r\n<li>\u0db4\u0dd8\u0dae\u0dd2\u0dc0\u0dd2 \u0d9a\u0db6\u0ddc\u0dbd\u0dd9\u0dc4\u0dd2 3 \u0dc0\u0dd9\u0db1\u0dd2\u0dba\u0da7 \u0dc3\u0dd4\u0dbd\u0db7\u0db8 \u0db8\u0dd6\u0dbd\u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dc0\u0dca\u200d\u0dba \u0dc3\u0dc4 \u0dc3\u0dca\u0d9a\u0db1\u0dca\u0db0\u0dba \u0d85\u0db1\u0dd4\u0dc0 \u0dc0\u0dd0\u0da9\u0dd2\u0db8 \u0db4\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dad\u0dd2\u0dc1\u0dad\u0dba\u0d9a\u0dca \u0db4\u0dc0\u0dad\u0dd2\u0db1 \u0dbd\u0ddd\u0dc4\u0dba Al \u0dc0\u0dda.<\/li>\r\n<li>Al \u0dc0\u0dbd \u0dc0\u0dcf\u0dad\u0dba\u0da7 \u0db1\u0dd2\u0dbb\u0dcf\u0dc0\u0dbb\u0dab\u0dba \u0dc0\u0dd3 \u0d87\u0dad\u0dd2 \u0db4\u0dd8\u0dc2\u0dca\u0da8\u0dd2\u0dba O<sub>2<\/sub> \u0dc3\u0db8\u0d9f \u0db4\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dad\u0dd2\u0d9a\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dd2\u0dba\u0dcf \u0d9a\u0dbb Al<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub> \u0dc3\u0dca\u0dae\u0dbb\u0dba\u0d9a\u0dca \u0dc3\u0dd1\u0daf\u0dd3\u0db8 \u0db1\u0dd2\u0dc3\u0dcf \u0dad\u0dc0\u0daf\u0dd4\u0dbb\u0da7\u0dad\u0dca O<sub>2<\/sub> \u0dc3\u0db8\u0d9f \u0db4\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dad\u0dd2\u0d9a\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dd2\u0dba\u0dcf \u0d9a\u0dd2\u0dbb\u0dd3\u0db8\u0da7 \u0db4\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dad\u0dd2\u0dbb\u0ddd\u0db0\u0dba\u0d9a\u0dca \u0d87\u0dad\u0dd2\u0dc0\u0dda. \u0d91\u0db8 \u0db1\u0dd2\u0dc3\u0dcf Al \u0dc0\u0dcf\u0dad\u0dba \u0dc3\u0db8\u0d9f \u0db4\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dad\u0dd2\u0d9a\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dd2\u0dba\u0dcf \u0db1\u0ddc\u0d9a\u0dbb\u0db1 \u0db8\u0dd6\u0dbd\u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dc0\u0dca\u200d\u0dba\u0d9a\u0dca \u0dbd\u0dd9\u0dc3 \u0dc3\u0dd0\u0dbd\u0d9a\u0dda.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\r\n<li>Al \u0dc0\u0dcf\u0dba\u0dd4\u0d9c\u0ddd\u0dbd\u0dba \u0dad\u0dd4\u0dc5 \u0dbb\u0dad\u0dca \u0d9a\u0dbd \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0da7 \u0d94\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dc3\u0dba\u0dd2\u0da9 \u0dc4\u0dcf \u0db1\u0dba\u0dd2\u0da7\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dba\u0dd2\u0da9 \u0dc3\u0dcf\u0daf\u0dba\u0dd2.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><span class=\"wp-katex-eq\" data-display=\"false\">\\begin{array}{l}\\circ\\;4{\\mathrm{Al}}_{(\\mathrm s)}\\;+\\;3{\\mathrm O}_{2(\\mathrm g)}\\;\\rightarrow\\;2{\\mathrm{Al}}_2{\\mathrm O}_{3(\\mathrm s)\\;}\\\\\\circ\\;2{\\mathrm{Al}}_{(\\mathrm s})\\;+\\;{\\mathrm N}_{2(\\mathrm g)}\\;\\rightarrow\\;2{\\mathrm{AlN}}_{(\\mathrm s)}\\end{array}<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>\u0db8\u0dd9\u0db8 \u0db5\u0dbd \u0db8\u0dd2\u0dc1\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dab\u0dba \u0da2\u0dbd\u0dba\u0da7 \u0dba\u0dd9\u0daf\u0dd6 \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0da7 , NH<sub>3<\/sub> \u0db1\u0dd2\u0daf\u0dc4\u0dc3\u0dca \u0dc0\u0dda.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><span class=\"wp-katex-eq\" data-display=\"false\">\\circ\\;{\\mathrm{AlN}}_{(\\mathrm s)\\;}+\\;3{\\mathrm H}_2{\\mathrm O}_{(\\mathrm l)}\\;\\rightarrow\\;{\\mathrm{NH}}_{3(\\mathrm g)}\\;+\\;\\mathrm{Al}(\\mathrm{OH})_{3(\\mathrm s)}<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\">\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\r\n<li>Al \u0d8b\u0db7\u0dba\u0d9c\u0dd4\u0dab\u0dd3 \u0dbd\u0ddd\u0dc4\u0dba\u0d9a\u0dd2. \u0d85\u0db8\u0dca\u0dbd \u0dc4\u0dcf \u0db7\u0dc2\u0dca\u0db8 \u0dc3\u0db8\u0d9f \u0db4\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dad\u0dd2\u0d9a\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dd2\u0dba\u0dcf \u0d9a\u0dbb \u0dbd\u0dc0\u0dab \u0dc4\u0dcf H<sub>2<\/sub> \u0dc3\u0dcf\u0daf\u0dba\u0dd2.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><span class=\"wp-katex-eq\" data-display=\"false\">\\begin{array}{l}\\circ\\;2{\\mathrm{Al}}_{(\\mathrm s)}\\;+\\;6{\\mathrm{HCl}}_{(\\mathrm{aq})}\\;\\rightarrow\\;2{\\mathrm{AlCl}}_{3(\\mathrm{aq})}\\;+\\;3{\\mathrm H}_{2(\\mathrm g)}\\;\\\\\\circ\\;2{\\mathrm H}_2{\\mathrm O}_{(\\mathrm l)\\;}\\;+\\;2{\\mathrm{Al}}_{(\\mathrm s)}\\;+\\;2{\\mathrm{NaOH}}_{(\\mathrm{aq})}\\;\\rightarrow\\;2{\\mathrm{NaAlO}}_{2(\\mathrm{aq})}\\;+\\;3{\\mathrm H}_{2(\\mathrm g)}\\;\\\\\\circ\\;6{\\mathrm H}_2{\\mathrm O}_{(\\mathrm l)}\\;\\;+\\;2{\\mathrm{Al}}_{(\\mathrm s)}\\;+\\;2{\\mathrm{NaOH}}_{(\\mathrm{aq})}\\;\\rightarrow\\;2\\mathrm{NaAl}(\\mathrm{OH})_{4(\\mathrm{aq})}\\;+\\;3{\\mathrm H}_{2(\\mathrm g)}\\end{array}<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\r\n<li><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">AlCl<sub>3<\/sub> \u0dc3\u0d82\u200d\u0dba\u0ddd\u0d9c\u0dba\u0dda \u0d85\u0dc2\u0dca\u0da8\u0d9a\u0dba \u0dc3\u0db8\u0dca\u0db4\u0dd6\u0dbb\u0dca\u0dab \u0dc0\u0dd3 \u0db1\u0ddc\u0db8\u0dd0\u0dad\u0dd2 \u0db1\u0dd2\u0dc3\u0dcf \u0dc0\u0dcf\u0dba\u0dd4 \u0d85\u0dc0\u0dc3\u0dca\u0dae\u0dcf\u0dc0\u0dda\u0daf\u0dd3 \u0db8\u0dd9\u0dba Al<sub>2<\/sub>Cl<sub>6<\/sub> \u0dbd\u0dd9\u0dc3 \u0daf\u0dca\u0dc0\u0dd2\u0d85\u0dc0\u0dba\u0dc0\u0dba\u0d9a\u0dca \u0dbd\u0dd9\u0dc3 \u0db4\u0dc0\u0dad\u0dd3<\/span>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"185\" class=\"wp-image-1865\" src=\"https:\/\/learnsteer.sasnaka.org\/science\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2020\/12\/2-1024x185.jpg\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learnsteer.sasnaka.org\/science\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2020\/12\/2-1024x185.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/learnsteer.sasnaka.org\/science\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2020\/12\/2-300x54.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learnsteer.sasnaka.org\/science\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2020\/12\/2-768x139.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learnsteer.sasnaka.org\/science\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2020\/12\/2-1536x278.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/learnsteer.sasnaka.org\/science\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2020\/12\/2-150x27.jpg 150w, https:\/\/learnsteer.sasnaka.org\/science\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2020\/12\/2-696x126.jpg 696w, https:\/\/learnsteer.sasnaka.org\/science\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2020\/12\/2-1068x193.jpg 1068w, https:\/\/learnsteer.sasnaka.org\/science\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2020\/12\/2.jpg 1717w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\r\n<li>Al<sup>3+<\/sup> \u0d85\u0dba\u0db1 \u0da2\u0dbd\u0dd3\u0dba \u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dcf\u0dc0\u0dab\u0dba\u0d9a \u0daf\u0dd3 \u0db4\u0dc0\u0dad\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dca\u0db1\u0dd9 \u0da2\u0dbd \u0d85\u0dab\u0dd4 6 \u0d9a\u0dca \u0dc3\u0db8\u0d9f \u0db6\u0dd0\u0daf\u0dd3 \u0dc3\u0d82\u0d9a\u0dd3\u0dbb\u0dca\u0dab \u0dc3\u0d82\u200d\u0dba\u0ddd\u0d9c\u0dba\u0d9a\u0dca \u0dbd\u0dd9\u0dc3\u0dba\u0dd2. Al<sup>3+<\/sup> \u0d85\u0dba\u0db1\u0dba\u0dda \u0d89\u0dc4\u0dc5 \u0db0\u0db1 \u0d85\u0dbb\u0ddd\u0db4\u0dab\u0dba \u0dc3\u0dc4 \u0d9a\u0dd0\u0da7\u0dcf\u0dba\u0db1\u0dd2\u0d9a \u0d85\u0dbb\u0dba \u0d85\u0da9\u0dd4 \u0dc0\u0dd3\u0db8\u0dad\u0dca \u0db1\u0dd2\u0dc3\u0dcf \u0d91\u0dc4\u0dd2 \u0d87\u0dad\u0dd2 \u0d89\u0dc4\u0dc5 \u0db0\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dd0\u0dc0\u0dd3\u0d9a\u0dbb\u0dab \u0db6\u0dbd\u0dba \u0dc4\u0dda\u0dad\u0dd4\u0dc0\u0dd9\u0db1\u0dca \u0db8\u0dd9\u0db8 \u0dc3\u0d82\u0d9a\u0dd3\u0dbb\u0dca\u0dab\u0dba \u0da2\u0dbd \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0da0\u0dca\u0da1\u0dda\u0daf\u0db1\u0dba \u0dc0\u0dd3 \u0db8\u0dcf\u0db0\u0dca\u200d\u0dba \u0d86\u0db8\u0dca\u0dbd\u0dd2\u0d9a \u0d9a\u0dbb\u0dba\u0dd2.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;padding-left: 80px\"><span class=\"wp-katex-eq\" data-display=\"false\">\\circ\\;6{\\mathrm H}_2{\\mathrm O}_{(\\mathrm{aq})}\\;+\\;{\\mathrm{Al}^{3+}}_{(\\mathrm{aq})}\\rightarrow\\;\\lbrack\\mathrm{Al}({\\mathrm H}_2\\mathrm O)_6{\\rbrack^{3+}}_{(\\mathrm{aq})}<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"617\" height=\"208\" class=\"wp-image-25563 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/learnsteer.sasnaka.org\/science\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2020\/12\/Pasted-into-06.02.01-p-\u0d9c\u0ddc\u0db1\u0dd4\u0dc0-\u0dc4\u0dd0\u0db3\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dca\u0dc0\u0dd3\u0db8-\u0dc3\u0dc4-13-\u0d9a\u0dcf\u0dab\u0dca\u0da9\u0dba\u0dda-\u0db8\u0dd6\u0dbd\u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dc0\u0dca\u200d\u0dba-\u0dc0\u0dbd-\u0dbb\u0dc3\u0dcf\u0dba\u0db1\u0dba-4.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learnsteer.sasnaka.org\/science\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2020\/12\/Pasted-into-06.02.01-p-\u0d9c\u0ddc\u0db1\u0dd4\u0dc0-\u0dc4\u0dd0\u0db3\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dca\u0dc0\u0dd3\u0db8-\u0dc3\u0dc4-13-\u0d9a\u0dcf\u0dab\u0dca\u0da9\u0dba\u0dda-\u0db8\u0dd6\u0dbd\u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dc0\u0dca\u200d\u0dba-\u0dc0\u0dbd-\u0dbb\u0dc3\u0dcf\u0dba\u0db1\u0dba-4.png 617w, https:\/\/learnsteer.sasnaka.org\/science\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2020\/12\/Pasted-into-06.02.01-p-\u0d9c\u0ddc\u0db1\u0dd4\u0dc0-\u0dc4\u0dd0\u0db3\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dca\u0dc0\u0dd3\u0db8-\u0dc3\u0dc4-13-\u0d9a\u0dcf\u0dab\u0dca\u0da9\u0dba\u0dda-\u0db8\u0dd6\u0dbd\u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dc0\u0dca\u200d\u0dba-\u0dc0\u0dbd-\u0dbb\u0dc3\u0dcf\u0dba\u0db1\u0dba-4-300x101.png 300w, https:\/\/learnsteer.sasnaka.org\/science\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2020\/12\/Pasted-into-06.02.01-p-\u0d9c\u0ddc\u0db1\u0dd4\u0dc0-\u0dc4\u0dd0\u0db3\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dca\u0dc0\u0dd3\u0db8-\u0dc3\u0dc4-13-\u0d9a\u0dcf\u0dab\u0dca\u0da9\u0dba\u0dda-\u0db8\u0dd6\u0dbd\u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dc0\u0dca\u200d\u0dba-\u0dc0\u0dbd-\u0dbb\u0dc3\u0dcf\u0dba\u0db1\u0dba-4-150x51.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 617px) 100vw, 617px\" \/><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px\"><span class=\"wp-katex-eq\" data-display=\"false\">\\circ\\;{\\mathrm H}_2{\\mathrm O}_{(\\mathrm l)}\\;+\\;\\lbrack\\mathrm{Al}({\\mathrm H}_2\\mathrm O)_5(\\mathrm{OH})\\rbrack^{2+}\\;\\rightarrow\\;\\lbrack\\mathrm{Al}({\\mathrm H}_2\\mathrm O)_4(\\mathrm{OH})_2\\rbrack^+\\;+\\;{\\mathrm H}_3\\mathrm O\\;^+<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\r\n<li>\u0db8\u0dd9\u0db8 \u0d86\u0db8\u0dca\u0dbd\u0dd2\u0d9a \u0db8\u0dcf\u0db0\u0dca\u200d\u0dba\u0dba\u0da7 NaOH \u0db7\u0dc2\u0dca\u0db8 \u0db6\u0dd2\u0d82\u0daf\u0dd4 \u0d9a\u0dd2\u0dc4\u0dd2\u0db4\u0dba\u0d9a\u0dca \u0dba\u0dd9\u0daf\u0dd3\u0db8\u0dda\u0daf\u0dd3 OH<sup>\u00af<\/sup> \u0d85\u0dba\u0db1 \u0d86\u0d9a\u0dbd\u0db1\u0dba \u0dc0\u0dd3, \u0dc3\u0dd4\u0daf\u0dd4 \u0da2\u0dd9\u0dbd\u0da7\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dd2\u0db8\u0dba Al(OH)<sub>3<\/sub> \u0db1\u0dd2\u0db4\u0daf\u0dc0\u0dba\u0dd2.<\/li>\r\n<li>\u00a0\u0db8\u0dd9\u0db8 \u0d85\u0dc0\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dc2\u0dda\u0db4\u0dba \u0d85\u0dad\u0dd2\u0dbb\u0dd2\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dad OH<sup>\u00af<\/sup> \u0d85\u0dba\u0db1 (\u0db4\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0db6\u0dbd \u0db7\u0dc2\u0dca\u0db8\u0dba\u0d9a\u0dca) \u0dc3\u0db8\u0d9f \u00a0[Al(OH)<sub>4<\/sub>]<sup>\u00af<\/sup>\u00a0 (\u0da7\u0dd9\u0da7\u0dca\u0dbb\u0dcf\u0dc4\u0dba\u0dd2\u0da9\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0ddc\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dc3\u0dba\u0dd2\u0da9\u0ddd \u0d87\u0dbd\u0dd4\u0db8\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dda\u0da7\u0dca) \u0dc3\u0d82\u0d9a\u0dd3\u0dbb\u0dca\u0dab \u0d85\u0dba\u0db1 \u0db6\u0dc0\u0da7 \u0db4\u0dad\u0dca \u0dc0\u0dd3 \u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dcf\u0dc0\u0dab \u0d9c\u0dad \u0dc0\u0dd3 \u0d85\u0dc0\u0dbb\u0dca\u0dab \u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dcf\u0dc0\u0dab\u0dba\u0d9a\u0dca \u0dc3\u0dcf\u0daf\u0dba\u0dd2.<\/li>\r\n<li>\u0d91\u0dba\u0da7 \u0db1\u0dd0\u0dc0\u0dad HCl \u0dba\u0dd9\u0daf\u0dd6 \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0da7 \u0db1\u0dd0\u0dc0\u0dad \u0dc3\u0dd4\u0daf\u0dd4 \u0d85\u0dc0\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dc2\u0dda\u0db4\u0dba \u0dbd\u0dd0\u0db6\u0dda.\u0d91\u0db8 \u0d85\u0dc0\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dc2\u0dda\u0db4\u0dba\u0da7 \u0db1\u0dd0\u0dc0\u0dad HCl \u0dba\u0dd9\u0daf\u0dd6 \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0da7 \u0db1\u0dd0\u0dc0\u0dad \u0d85\u0dc0\u0dbb\u0dca\u0dab \u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dcf\u0dc0\u0dab\u0dba \u0dbd\u0dd0\u0db6\u0dda.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"822\" height=\"132\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-25566 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/learnsteer.sasnaka.org\/science\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2020\/12\/Pasted-into-06.02.01-p-\u0d9c\u0ddc\u0db1\u0dd4\u0dc0-\u0dc4\u0dd0\u0db3\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dca\u0dc0\u0dd3\u0db8-\u0dc3\u0dc4-13-\u0d9a\u0dcf\u0dab\u0dca\u0da9\u0dba\u0dda-\u0db8\u0dd6\u0dbd\u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dc0\u0dca\u200d\u0dba-\u0dc0\u0dbd-\u0dbb\u0dc3\u0dcf\u0dba\u0db1\u0dba-5.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learnsteer.sasnaka.org\/science\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2020\/12\/Pasted-into-06.02.01-p-\u0d9c\u0ddc\u0db1\u0dd4\u0dc0-\u0dc4\u0dd0\u0db3\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dca\u0dc0\u0dd3\u0db8-\u0dc3\u0dc4-13-\u0d9a\u0dcf\u0dab\u0dca\u0da9\u0dba\u0dda-\u0db8\u0dd6\u0dbd\u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dc0\u0dca\u200d\u0dba-\u0dc0\u0dbd-\u0dbb\u0dc3\u0dcf\u0dba\u0db1\u0dba-5.png 822w, https:\/\/learnsteer.sasnaka.org\/science\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2020\/12\/Pasted-into-06.02.01-p-\u0d9c\u0ddc\u0db1\u0dd4\u0dc0-\u0dc4\u0dd0\u0db3\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dca\u0dc0\u0dd3\u0db8-\u0dc3\u0dc4-13-\u0d9a\u0dcf\u0dab\u0dca\u0da9\u0dba\u0dda-\u0db8\u0dd6\u0dbd\u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dc0\u0dca\u200d\u0dba-\u0dc0\u0dbd-\u0dbb\u0dc3\u0dcf\u0dba\u0db1\u0dba-5-300x48.png 300w, https:\/\/learnsteer.sasnaka.org\/science\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2020\/12\/Pasted-into-06.02.01-p-\u0d9c\u0ddc\u0db1\u0dd4\u0dc0-\u0dc4\u0dd0\u0db3\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dca\u0dc0\u0dd3\u0db8-\u0dc3\u0dc4-13-\u0d9a\u0dcf\u0dab\u0dca\u0da9\u0dba\u0dda-\u0db8\u0dd6\u0dbd\u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dc0\u0dca\u200d\u0dba-\u0dc0\u0dbd-\u0dbb\u0dc3\u0dcf\u0dba\u0db1\u0dba-5-768x123.png 768w, https:\/\/learnsteer.sasnaka.org\/science\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2020\/12\/Pasted-into-06.02.01-p-\u0d9c\u0ddc\u0db1\u0dd4\u0dc0-\u0dc4\u0dd0\u0db3\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dca\u0dc0\u0dd3\u0db8-\u0dc3\u0dc4-13-\u0d9a\u0dcf\u0dab\u0dca\u0da9\u0dba\u0dda-\u0db8\u0dd6\u0dbd\u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dc0\u0dca\u200d\u0dba-\u0dc0\u0dbd-\u0dbb\u0dc3\u0dcf\u0dba\u0db1\u0dba-5-150x24.png 150w, https:\/\/learnsteer.sasnaka.org\/science\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2020\/12\/Pasted-into-06.02.01-p-\u0d9c\u0ddc\u0db1\u0dd4\u0dc0-\u0dc4\u0dd0\u0db3\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dca\u0dc0\u0dd3\u0db8-\u0dc3\u0dc4-13-\u0d9a\u0dcf\u0dab\u0dca\u0da9\u0dba\u0dda-\u0db8\u0dd6\u0dbd\u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dc0\u0dca\u200d\u0dba-\u0dc0\u0dbd-\u0dbb\u0dc3\u0dcf\u0dba\u0db1\u0dba-5-696x112.png 696w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 822px) 100vw, 822px\" \/><\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons aligncenter is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-shadow td_btn_normal\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link\" style=\"border-radius: 15px\" href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/uc?export=download&amp;id=11j7Q_HejHtmYaI6TqCR0C8jl9zEf1iN3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u0db4\u0dcf\u0da9\u0db8\u0dda \u0dc3\u0da7\u0dc4\u0db1 Download 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