{"id":2328,"date":"2020-12-09T22:05:24","date_gmt":"2020-12-09T16:35:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/learnsteer.sasnaka.org\/science\/?p=2328"},"modified":"2021-10-12T20:07:59","modified_gmt":"2021-10-12T14:37:59","slug":"06-03-02","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/learnsteer.sasnaka.org\/science\/advanced-level-science\/chemistry\/chemistry-06\/06-03-d-%e0%b6%9c%e0%b7%9c%e0%b6%b1%e0%b7%94%e0%b7%80\/06-03-02\/","title":{"rendered":"06.03.02 &#8211; d \u0d9c\u0ddc\u0db1\u0dd4\u0dc0\u0dda \u0db8\u0dd6\u0dbd\u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dc0\u0dca\u200d\u0dba\u0dc0\u0dbd \u0dbd\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dc2\u0dab(\u0db7\u0dde\u0dad\u0dd2\u0d9a \u0dc4\u0dcf \u0dbb\u0dc3\u0dcf\u0dba\u0db1\u0dd2\u0d9a)"},"content":{"rendered":"\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons aligncenter is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-shadow\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link\" style=\"border-radius: 15px\" href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/uc?export=download&amp;id=1EVJtCIQLM9sP886zEA1xtiHQ99QBpG5k\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u0db4\u0dcf\u0da9\u0db8\u0dda \u0dc3\u0da7\u0dc4\u0db1 Download \u0d9a\u0dbb\u0d9c\u0db1\u0dca\u0db1.<\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><strong><span class=\"has-inline-color\">\u0db7\u0dde\u0dad\u0dd2\u0d9a \u0dbd\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dc2\u0dab<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><strong>1. d \u0d9c\u0ddc\u0db1\u0dd4\u0dc0\u0dda \u0dc3\u0dd2\u0dba\u0dbd\u0dca\u0dbd \u0dbd\u0ddd\u0dc4 \u0dc0\u0dda.<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\r\n<li>d \u0d9c\u0ddc\u0db1\u0dd4\u0dc0\u0dda \u0dbd\u0ddd\u0dc4 \u0dc0\u0dbd \u0d85\u0dc0\u0dc3\u0db1\u0dca \u0d9a\u0dc0\u0da0\u0dba\u0dda ns \u0d89\u0dbd\u0dd9\u0d9a\u0dca\u0da7\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0ddd\u0db1 \u0db4\u0db8\u0dab\u0d9a\u0dca \u0db1\u0ddc\u0dc0 \u0d8a\u0da7 \u0d87\u0dad\u0dd4\u0dc5\u0dd4 \u0d9a\u0dc0\u0da0\u0dba\u0dda \u0dc3\u0db8\u0dc4\u0dbb \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0dba\u0dd4\u0d9c\u0dca\u0db8 (n-1)d \u0d89\u0dbd\u0dd9\u0d9a\u0dca\u0da7\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0ddd\u0db1 \u0daf \u0dbd\u0ddd\u0dc4\u0d9a \u0db6\u0db1\u0dca\u0db0\u0db1\u0dba \u0dc3\u0db3\u0dc4\u0dcf \u0dc3\u0dc4\u0db7\u0dcf\u0d9c\u0dd2 \u0dc0\u0dda.<\/li>\r\n<li>\u0d89\u0dc4\u0dad \u0d9a\u0dd3 \u0d89\u0dbd\u0dd9\u0d9a\u0dca\u0da7\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0ddd\u0db1 \u0d89\u0dc0\u0dad\u0dca \u0dc0\u0dd3\u0db8\u0dd9\u0db1\u0dca \u0dc3\u0dd1\u0daf\u0dd4\u0dab\u0dd4 \u0db0\u0db1 \u0d85\u0dba\u0db1 \u0daf\u0dd0\u0dbd\u0dd2\u0dc3\u0d9a\u0dca \u0dc4\u0dcf \u0db1\u0dd2\u0daf\u0dc4\u0dc3\u0dca \u0d89\u0dbd\u0dd9\u0d9a\u0dca\u0da7\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0ddd\u0db1 \u0da2\u0dbd\u0dcf\u0dc1\u0dba\u0d9a\u0dca \u0dbd\u0dd9\u0dc3 \u0d87\u0dad\u0dd2 \u0d85\u0dad\u0dbb \u0db8\u0dd9\u0db8 \u0db1\u0dd2\u0daf\u0dc4\u0dc3\u0dca \u0d89\u0dbd\u0dd9\u0d9a\u0dca\u0da7\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0ddd\u0db1 \u0d91\u0d9a\u0dca \u0d85\u0dba\u0db1\u0dba\u0d9a\u0da7\u0dc0\u0dad\u0dca \u0dc3\u0dca\u0dae\u0dcf\u0dc0\u0dbb\u0dc0 \u0db1\u0ddc\u0db6\u0dd0\u0db3\u0dd3 \u0d85\u0dc0\u0da7 \u0d87\u0dad\u0dd2 \u0dc3\u0dd2\u0dba\u0dbd\u0dd4\u0db8 \u0db0\u0db1 \u0d85\u0dba\u0db1 \u0d86\u0d9a\u0dbb\u0dca\u0dc2\u0dab\u0dba \u0d9a\u0dbb\u0d9c\u0dd9\u0db1 \u0dc3\u0dd2\u0da7\u0dd3.<\/li>\r\n<li>\u0d91\u0db8 \u0db1\u0dd2\u0dc3\u0dcf \u0db0\u0db1 \u0d85\u0dba\u0db1 \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0dc3\u0dd2\u0dbb\u0dd3 \u0db1\u0ddc\u0d9c\u0ddc\u0dc3\u0dca \u0d91\u0d9a\u0da7 \u0db6\u0dd0\u0db3\u0dd3 \u0d87\u0dad. \u0db8\u0dd9\u0dc3\u0dda \u0d87\u0dad\u0dd2 \u0dc0\u0db1 \u0db6\u0dd0\u0db3\u0dd3\u0db8 \u0dbd\u0ddd\u0dc4\u0d9a \u0db6\u0db1\u0dca\u0db0\u0db1 \u0dbd\u0dd9\u0dc3 \u0dc4\u0db3\u0dd4\u0db1\u0dca\u0dc0\u0dba\u0dd2.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\r\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"638\" height=\"260\" class=\"wp-image-27615 size-full alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/learnsteer.sasnaka.org\/science\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2020\/12\/Pasted-into-06.03.02-d-\u0d9c\u0ddc\u0db1\u0dd4\u0dc0\u0dda-\u0db8\u0dd6\u0dbd\u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dc0\u0dca\u200d\u0dba\u0dc0\u0dbd-\u0dbd\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dc2\u0dab\u0db7\u0dde\u0dad\u0dd2\u0d9a-\u0dc4\u0dcf-\u0dbb\u0dc3\u0dcf\u0dba\u0db1\u0dd2\u0d9a-1.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learnsteer.sasnaka.org\/science\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2020\/12\/Pasted-into-06.03.02-d-\u0d9c\u0ddc\u0db1\u0dd4\u0dc0\u0dda-\u0db8\u0dd6\u0dbd\u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dc0\u0dca\u200d\u0dba\u0dc0\u0dbd-\u0dbd\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dc2\u0dab\u0db7\u0dde\u0dad\u0dd2\u0d9a-\u0dc4\u0dcf-\u0dbb\u0dc3\u0dcf\u0dba\u0db1\u0dd2\u0d9a-1.png 638w, https:\/\/learnsteer.sasnaka.org\/science\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2020\/12\/Pasted-into-06.03.02-d-\u0d9c\u0ddc\u0db1\u0dd4\u0dc0\u0dda-\u0db8\u0dd6\u0dbd\u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dc0\u0dca\u200d\u0dba\u0dc0\u0dbd-\u0dbd\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dc2\u0dab\u0db7\u0dde\u0dad\u0dd2\u0d9a-\u0dc4\u0dcf-\u0dbb\u0dc3\u0dcf\u0dba\u0db1\u0dd2\u0d9a-1-300x122.png 300w, https:\/\/learnsteer.sasnaka.org\/science\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2020\/12\/Pasted-into-06.03.02-d-\u0d9c\u0ddc\u0db1\u0dd4\u0dc0\u0dda-\u0db8\u0dd6\u0dbd\u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dc0\u0dca\u200d\u0dba\u0dc0\u0dbd-\u0dbd\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dc2\u0dab\u0db7\u0dde\u0dad\u0dd2\u0d9a-\u0dc4\u0dcf-\u0dbb\u0dc3\u0dcf\u0dba\u0db1\u0dd2\u0d9a-1-150x61.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 638px) 100vw, 638px\" \/><\/figure>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2. \u0db8\u0dda\u0dc0\u0dcf \u0dc4\u0ddc\u0db3 \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dba\u0dd4\u0dad\u0dca \u0dc4\u0dcf \u0dad\u0dcf\u0db4 \u0dc3\u0db1\u0dca\u0db1\u0dcf\u0dba\u0d9a \u0dc0\u0dda.<\/strong><\/h4>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\r\n<li><span class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\">\u0db8\u0dd9\u0dc4\u0dd2\u0daf\u0dd3 \u0db6\u0dcf\u0dc4\u0dd2\u0dbb s \u0d89\u0dbd\u0dd9\u0d9a\u0dca\u0da7\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0ddd\u0db1 \u0db4\u0db8\u0dab\u0d9a\u0dca \u0db1\u0ddc\u0dc0 \u0d87\u0dad\u0dd0\u0db8\u0dca d \u0d89\u0dbd\u0dd9\u0d9a\u0dca\u0da7\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0ddd\u0db1 \u0daf \u0d89\u0dbd\u0dd9\u0d9a\u0dca\u0da7\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0ddd\u0db1 \u0da2\u0dbd\u0dcf\u0dc1\u0dba \u0dc3\u0dd1\u0daf\u0dd3\u0db8\u0da7 \u0dc3\u0dc4\u0db7\u0dcf\u0d9c\u0dd3 \u0dc0\u0db1 \u0db1\u0dd2\u0dc3\u0dcf \u0d89\u0dbd\u0dd9\u0d9a\u0dca\u0da7\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0ddd\u0db1 \u0dc0\u0dbd\u0dcf\u0dc0\u0dda \u0d9d\u0db1\u0dad\u0dca\u0dc0\u0dba \u0dc0\u0dd0\u0da9\u0dd2 \u0dc0\u0dda. \u0d91\u0db6\u0dd0\u0dc0\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dca \u0dc0\u0dd0\u0da9\u0dd2 \u0d89\u0dbd\u0dd9\u0d9a\u0dca\u0da7\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0ddd\u0db1 \u0db4\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0db8\u0dcf\u0dab\u0dba\u0d9a\u0dca \u0db1\u0dd2\u0daf\u0dc4\u0dc3\u0dda \u0da0\u0dbd\u0db1\u0dba \u0daf\u0dd0\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dc0\u0dd3\u0db8 \u0db1\u0dd2\u0dc3\u0dcf \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dba\u0dd4\u0dad\u0dca \u0dc3\u0db1\u0dca\u0db1\u0dcf\u0dba\u0d9a\u0dad\u0dcf\u0dc0 \u0d89\u0dc4\u0dc5 \u0dc0\u0dda.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li>\u0dad\u0dcf\u0db4\u0dba \u0dbd\u0db6\u0dcf \u0d9c\u0dad\u0dca \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0da7 \u0d85\u0d82\u0dc1\u0dd4\u0dc0\u0dbd \u0d9a\u0db8\u0dca\u0db4\u0db1\u0dba \u0dc0\u0dd0\u0da9\u0dd2\u0dc0\u0dda. \u0d91\u0dc0\u0dd2\u0da7 \u0db0\u0db1 \u0d85\u0dba\u0db1 \u0dc4\u0dcf \u0d89\u0dbd\u0dd9\u0d9a\u0dca\u0da7\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0ddd\u0db1 \u0d85\u0d82\u0dc1\u0dd4 \u0d85\u0dad\u0dbb \u0d9c\u0dd0\u0da7\u0dd4\u0db8\u0dca \u0dc3\u0dd2\u0daf\u0dd4\u0dc0\u0dd3\u0db8\u0dda\u0daf\u0dd3 \u0dc1\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dad\u0dd2\u0dba \u0dc4\u0dd4\u0dc0\u0db8\u0dcf\u0dbb\u0dd4 \u0dc0\u0dd3\u0db8 \u0db1\u0dd2\u0dc3\u0dcf \u0dbd\u0ddd\u0dc4\u0dba 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\u0db4\u0dd0\u0dc0\u0dad\u0dd3\u0db8\u0dba\u0dd2. \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0dba\u0dd4\u0d9c\u0dca\u0db8 \u0d89\u0dbd\u0dd9\u0d9a\u0dca\u0da7\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0ddd\u0db1 \u0dc3\u0dc4\u0dd2\u0dad \u0db4\u0dbb\u0db8\u0dcf\u0dab\u0dd4\u0d9a \u0d9a\u0dcf\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dc2\u0dd2\u0d9a \u0dc0\u0dd0\u0da9\u0dd2\u0dc0\u0db1 \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0da7 \u0db4\u0dbb\u0db8\u0dcf\u0dab\u0dd4 \u0d85\u0dad\u0dbb \u0d9a\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dd2\u0dba\u0dcf\u0dad\u0dca\u0db8\u0d9a \u0dc0\u0db1 \u0d85\u0dad\u0dd2\u0da0\u0dca\u0da1\u0dcf\u0daf\u0db1 \u0dc0\u0dd0\u0da9\u0dd2 \u0dc0\u0dda. \u0dad\u0dc0 \u0daf \u0db4\u0dbb\u0db8\u0dcf\u0dab\u0dd4\u0dc0\u0dda \u0d85\u0dbb\u0dba \u0d9a\u0dd4\u0da9\u0dcf \u0dc0\u0db1 \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0da7 \u0daf \u0dbd\u0ddd\u0dc4\u0d9a \u0db6\u0db1\u0dca\u0db0\u0db1 \u0dc1\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dad\u0dd2\u0db8\u0dad\u0dca \u0db6\u0dc0\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dca \u0dc0\u0dd0\u0da9\u0dd2\u0dc0\u0dd3\u0db8 \u0dc3\u0dd2\u0daf\u0dd4\u0dc0\u0dd9\u0dba\u0dd2. \u0d91\u0dc0\u0dd2\u0da7 \u0daf\u0dd8\u0daa\u0dad\u0dcf\u0dc0 \u0dc0\u0dd0\u0da9\u0dd2 \u0dc0\u0dda<\/span>.<\/li>\r\n<li>\u0dc0\u0dd0\u0da9\u0dd2\u0db8 \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0dba\u0dd4\u0d9c\u0dca\u0db8 \u0d89\u0dbd\u0dd9\u0d9a\u0dca\u0da7\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0ddd\u0db1 \u0d9c\u0dab\u0db1\u0d9a\u0dca \u0d87\u0dad\u0dd2 Cr \u0dc4\u0dcf Mo \u0dc0\u0dbd \u0daf\u0dd8\u0daa\u0dad\u0dcf\u0dc0 \u0d89\u0dad\u0dcf \u0d89\u0dc4\u0dc5 \u0dba.<\/li>\r\n<li>\u0dc0\u0dd2\u0dba\u0dd4\u0d9c\u0dca\u0db8 \u0d89\u0dbd\u0dd9\u0d9a\u0dca\u0da7\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0ddd\u0db1 \u0db1\u0ddc\u0db8\u0dd0\u0dad\u0dd2 Zn, Cd \u0d91\u0dad\u0dbb\u0db8\u0dca \u0daf\u0dd8\u0daa \u0db1\u0ddc\u0dc0\u0dd9\u0dba\u0dd2.<\/li>\r\n<li>\u0dc0\u0dd2\u0dba\u0dd4\u0d9c\u0dca\u0db8 \u0d89\u0dbd\u0dd9\u0d9a\u0dca\u0da7\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0ddd\u0db1 \u0db1\u0ddc\u0db8\u0dd0\u0dad\u0dd2 \u0db4\u0dbb\u0db8\u0dcf\u0dab\u0dd4\u0d9a \u0d85\u0dbb\u0dba \u0dc3\u0dcf\u0db4\u0dda\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dc2\u0dc0 \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0dc1\u0dcf\u0dbd Hg \u0dc0\u0dbd \u0dbd\u0ddd\u0dc4\u0d9a \u0db6\u0db1\u0dca\u0db0\u0db1\u0dba \u0daf\u0dd4\u0db6\u0dbd \u0db1\u0dd2\u0dc3\u0dcf \u0d91\u0dba \u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dc0 \u0dad\u0dad\u0dca\u0dc0\u0dba\u0dda \u0d87\u0dad.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>4. \u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dc0\u0dcf\u0d82\u0d9a \u0dad\u0dcf\u0db4\u0dcf\u0d82\u0d9a \u0d89\u0dc4\u0dc5 \u0d85\u0d9c\u0dba\u0db1\u0dca \u0dc0\u0dda.<\/strong><\/h4>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\r\n<li>\u0dc1\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dad\u0dd2\u0db8\u0dad\u0dca \u0dbd\u0ddd\u0dc4\u0d9a \u0db6\u0db1\u0dca\u0db0\u0db1 \u0db1\u0dd2\u0dc3\u0dcf \u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dc0\u0dcf\u0d82\u0d9a \u0dad\u0dcf\u0db4\u0dcf\u0d82\u0d9a \u0d89\u0dc4\u0dc5 \u0dc0\u0dda. <span class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\">\u0dc0\u0dd2\u0dba\u0dd4\u0d9c\u0dca\u0db8 e \u0dc3\u0d82\u0d9b\u0dca\u200d\u0dba\u0dcf\u0dc0 \u0dc0\u0dd0\u0da9\u0dd2\u0dc0\u0dd3\u0db8\u0dad\u0dca \u0dc3\u0db8\u0d9f \u0dbd\u0ddd\u0dc4\u0d9a \u0db6\u0db1\u0dca\u0db0\u0db1 \u0db4\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0db6\u0dbd\u0dad\u0dcf \u0dc0\u0dd0\u0da9\u0dd2 \u0dc0\u0dd9\u0dba\u0dd2.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-1 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-default\">\r\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2907 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/learnsteer.sasnaka.org\/science\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2020\/12\/image-423.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"536\" height=\"532\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learnsteer.sasnaka.org\/science\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2020\/12\/image-423.png 485w, https:\/\/learnsteer.sasnaka.org\/science\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2020\/12\/image-423-300x298.png 300w, https:\/\/learnsteer.sasnaka.org\/science\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2020\/12\/image-423-150x149.png 150w, https:\/\/learnsteer.sasnaka.org\/science\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2020\/12\/image-423-423x420.png 423w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 536px) 100vw, 536px\" \/><\/figure>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-default\">\r\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2908 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/learnsteer.sasnaka.org\/science\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2020\/12\/image-424.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"395\" height=\"302\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learnsteer.sasnaka.org\/science\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2020\/12\/image-424.png 671w, https:\/\/learnsteer.sasnaka.org\/science\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2020\/12\/image-424-300x230.png 300w, https:\/\/learnsteer.sasnaka.org\/science\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2020\/12\/image-424-150x115.png 150w, https:\/\/learnsteer.sasnaka.org\/science\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2020\/12\/image-424-548x420.png 548w, https:\/\/learnsteer.sasnaka.org\/science\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2020\/12\/image-424-80x60.png 80w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 395px) 100vw, 395px\" \/><\/figure>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p><strong>3d \u0d85\u0db1\u0dca\u0dad\u0dbb\u0dd2\u0d9a \u0db8\u0dd6\u0dbd\u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dc0\u0dca\u200d\u0dba \u0d85\u0dad\u0dd4\u0dbb\u0dd9\u0db1\u0dca Mn \u0dc0\u0dbd\u0da7 \u0d85\u0da9\u0dd4\u0db8 \u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dc0\u0dcf\u0d82\u0d9a, \u0dad\u0dcf\u0db4\u0dcf\u0d82\u0d9a \u0db4\u0dd0\u0dc0\u0dad\u0dd3\u0db8\u0da7 \u0dc4\u0dda\u0dad\u0dd4\u0dc0,<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p>Mn \u0dc0\u0dbd \u0d85\u0dbb\u0dca\u0db0\u0dc0 \u0db4\u0dd2\u0dbb\u0dd4\u0dab\u0dd4 3d<sup>5<\/sup> \u0d8b\u0db4\u0dc1\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dad\u0dd2\u0db8\u0da7\u0dca\u0da7\u0db8 \u0dc4\u0dcf \u0dc3\u0db8\u0dca\u0db4\u0dd6\u0dbb\u0dca\u0dab\u0dba\u0dd9\u0db1\u0dca \u0db4\u0dd2\u0dbb\u0dd4\u0dab\u0dd4 4s<sup>2 <\/sup>\u0d8b\u0db4\u0dc1\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dad\u0dd2\u0db8\u0da7\u0dca\u0da7\u0db8 \u0dc3\u0db8\u0d9f 3d<sup>5 <\/sup>4s<sup>2<\/sup> \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dca\u200d\u0dba\u0dcf\u0dc3\u0dba\u0da7 \u0d89\u0dbd\u0dd9\u0d9a\u0dca\u0da7\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0ddd\u0db1 \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0dc3\u0dca\u0dae\u0dcf\u0db1\u0d9c\u0dad \u0d9a\u0dd2\u0dbb\u0dd3\u0db8\u0dda \u0dc4\u0dd0\u0d9a\u0dd2\u0dba\u0dcf\u0dc0 \u0d85\u0da9\u0dd4 \u0db1\u0dd2\u0dc3\u0dcf \u0dc3\u0da0\u0dbd\u0dad\u0dcf \u0d89\u0dbd\u0dd9\u0d9a\u0dca\u0da7\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0ddd\u0db1 \u0dc0\u0dbd\u0dcf\u0dc0\u0da7 \u0d89\u0dbd\u0dd9\u0d9a\u0dca\u0da7\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0ddd\u0db1 \u0dc3\u0dc4\u0db7\u0dcf\u0d9c\u0dd2 \u0d9a\u0dbb\u0dc0\u0dd3\u0db8 \u0d85\u0db4\u0dc4\u0dc3\u0dd4 \u0dc0\u0dda.<\/p>\r\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>5. \u0d9d\u0db1\u0dad\u0dca\u0dc0 \u0d85\u0d9c\u0dba\u0db1\u0dca \u0d89\u0dc4\u0dc5 \u0dba.<\/strong><\/h5>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\r\n<li>\u0d91\u0d9a\u0db8 \u0d86\u0dc0\u0dbb\u0dca\u0dad\u0dba\u0dda \u0db8\u0dd6\u0dbd\u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dc0\u0dca\u200d\u0dba \u0dc3\u0dd0\u0dbd\u0d9a\u0dd6 \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0da7 s \u0dc4\u0dcf p \u0d9c\u0ddc\u0db1\u0dd4\u0dc0\u0dbd\u0da7 \u0dc0\u0da9\u0dcf d \u0d9c\u0ddc\u0db1\u0dd4\u0dc0\u0dda \u0db8\u0dd6\u0dbd\u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dc0\u0dca\u200d\u0dba \u0dc0\u0dbd \u0d85\u0dbb\u0dba, \u0db4\u0dbb\u0dd2\u0db8\u0dcf\u0dc0 \u0d85\u0da9\u0dd4\u0dba. \u0d91\u0db6\u0dd0\u0dc0\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dca \u0daf\u0dd0\u0dbd\u0dd2\u0dc3 \u0dad\u0dd4\u0dc5 \u0db4\u0dbb\u0db8\u0dcf\u0dab\u0dd4 \u0dc0\u0da9\u0dcf \u0d91\u0d9a\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dd9\u0d9a\u0da7 \u0dbd\u0d82\u0dc0 \u0d87\u0dc3\u0dd2\u0dbb\u0dd3 \u0db4\u0dd0\u0dc0\u0dad\u0dd3\u0db8 \u0db1\u0dd2\u0dc3\u0dcf \u0d92\u0d9a\u0dd3\u0dba \u0db4\u0dbb\u0dd2\u0db8\u0dcf\u0dc0\u0d9a \u0dc3\u0dca\u0d9a\u0db1\u0dca\u0db0\u0dba \u0dc4\u0dd9\u0dc0\u0dad\u0dca \u0d9d\u0db1\u0dad\u0dca\u0dc0\u0dba \u0d89\u0dc4\u0dc5 \u0dc0\u0dda.\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>\u0d9d\u0db1\u0dad\u0dca\u0dc0\u0dba \u0d85\u0da9\u0dd4\u0db8 : Sc (3.01 g cm<sup>-3<\/sup>)<\/li>\r\n<li>\u0d9d\u0db1\u0dad\u0dca\u0dc0\u0dba \u0dc0\u0dd0\u0da9\u0dd2 \u0db8 : Cu (8.93 g cm<sup>-3<\/sup>)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00a0<\/h2>\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><strong><span class=\"has-inline-color\">\u0dbb\u0dc3\u0dcf\u0dba\u0db1\u0dd2\u0d9a \u0dbd\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dc2\u0dab<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1. \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0da0\u0dbd\u0dca\u200d\u0dba \u0d94\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dc3\u0dd2\u0d9a\u0dbb\u0dab \u0d85\u0d82\u0d9a \u0daf\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dc0\u0dba\u0dd2.<\/strong><\/h5>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\r\n<li>\u0d8b\u0daf\u0dcf : Aluminum \u0dc3\u0dbd\u0d9a\u0db8\u0dd4.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-32376  aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/learnsteer.sasnaka.org\/science\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2020\/12\/Pasted-into-06.03.02-d-\u0d9c\u0ddc\u0db1\u0dd4\u0dc0\u0dda-\u0db8\u0dd6\u0dbd\u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dc0\u0dca\u200d\u0dba\u0dc0\u0dbd-\u0dbd\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dc2\u0dab\u0db7\u0dde\u0dad\u0dd2\u0d9a-\u0dc4\u0dcf-\u0dbb\u0dc3\u0dcf\u0dba\u0db1\u0dd2\u0d9a-2.png\" width=\"450\" height=\"68\" \/><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>I<sub>4 <\/sub>\u0dc3\u0dcf\u0db4\u0dda\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dc2\u0dc0 \u0d89\u0dad\u0dcf \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0dc1\u0dcf\u0dbd \u0db1\u0dd2\u0dc3\u0dcf \u0d85\u0dba\u0db1 \u0dc3\u0dd1\u0daf\u0dd3\u0db8\u0dda \u0daf\u0dd3 \u0d89\u0dc0\u0dad\u0dca \u0dc0\u0db1 \u0d8b\u0db4\u0dbb\u0dd2\u0db8 \u0d89\u0dbd\u0dd9\u0d9a\u0dca\u0da7\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0ddd\u0db1 \u0d9c\u0dab\u0db1 \u0dad\u0dd4\u0db1\u0d9a\u0dd2. \u0d91\u0db1\u0db8\u0dca \u0dc3\u0dca\u0dae\u0dcf\u0dba\u0dd2 \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dca\u200d\u0dba\u0dcf\u0dc3\u0dba\u0da7 \u0db4\u0dd2\u0da7\u0dad\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dca \u0d87\u0dad\u0dd2 3s<sup>2<\/sup>3p<sup>1 <\/sup>\u0d89\u0dbd\u0dd9\u0d9a\u0dca\u0da7\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0ddd\u0db1 \u0dad\u0dd4\u0db1 \u0d89\u0dc0\u0dad\u0dca\u0d9a\u0dbb \u0d89\u0dc0\u0dad\u0dca \u0d9a\u0dbb 3+ \u0dc3\u0dcf\u0daf\u0dba\u0dd2.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\r\n<li>Vanadium \u0dc3\u0dc5\u0d9a\u0db8\u0dd4.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-32377  aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/learnsteer.sasnaka.org\/science\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2020\/12\/Pasted-into-06.03.02-d-\u0d9c\u0ddc\u0db1\u0dd4\u0dc0\u0dda-\u0db8\u0dd6\u0dbd\u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dc0\u0dca\u200d\u0dba\u0dc0\u0dbd-\u0dbd\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dc2\u0dab\u0db7\u0dde\u0dad\u0dd2\u0d9a-\u0dc4\u0dcf-\u0dbb\u0dc3\u0dcf\u0dba\u0db1\u0dd2\u0d9a-3.png\" width=\"480\" height=\"64\" \/>\u0d85\u0dba\u0db1\u0dd3\u0d9a\u0dbb\u0dab \u0d91\u0db1\u0dca\u0dad\u0dd0\u0dbd\u0dca\u0db4\u0dd2 I<sub>1 <\/sub>\u0dc3\u0dd2\u0da7 I<sub>5 <\/sub>\u0daf\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dc0\u0dcf \u0d9a\u0dd0\u0db4\u0dd3 \u0db4\u0dd9\u0db1\u0dd9\u0db1 \u0dc1\u0dd3\u0d9d\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb \u0dc0\u0dd0\u0da9\u0dd2 \u0dc0\u0dd3\u0db8\u0d9a\u0dca \u0db1\u0dd0\u0dad. \u0d91\u0db8 \u0db1\u0dd2\u0dc3\u0dcf +2, +3, +4, +5 \u0dbd\u0dd9\u0dc3 \u0d94\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dc3\u0dd2\u0d9a\u0dbb\u0dab \u0d85\u0d82\u0d9a \u0db4\u0dc0\u0dad\u0dd3.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-regular\">\r\n<table class=\"has-subtle-pale-green-background-color has-background\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Sc<\/td>\r\n<td>Ti<\/td>\r\n<td>V<\/td>\r\n<td>Cr<\/td>\r\n<td>Mn<\/td>\r\n<td>Fe<\/td>\r\n<td>Co<\/td>\r\n<td>Ni<\/td>\r\n<td>Cu<\/td>\r\n<td>Zn<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>3d<sup>1<\/sup>4s<sup>1<\/sup><\/td>\r\n<td>3d<sup>2<\/sup>4s<sup>2<\/sup><\/td>\r\n<td>3d<sup>3<\/sup>4s<sup>2<\/sup><\/td>\r\n<td>3d<sup>5<\/sup>4s<sup>1<\/sup><\/td>\r\n<td>3d<sup>5<\/sup>4s<sup>2<\/sup><\/td>\r\n<td>3d<sup>6<\/sup>4s<sup>2<\/sup><\/td>\r\n<td>3d<sup>7<\/sup>4s<sup>2<\/sup><\/td>\r\n<td>3d<sup>8<\/sup>4s<sup>2<\/sup><\/td>\r\n<td>3d<sup>10<\/sup>4s<sup>1<\/sup><\/td>\r\n<td>3d<sup>10<\/sup>4s<sup>2<\/sup><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>+3<\/td>\r\n<td>+2<\/td>\r\n<td>+2<\/td>\r\n<td>+2<\/td>\r\n<td>+2<\/td>\r\n<td>+2<\/td>\r\n<td>+2<\/td>\r\n<td>+2<\/td>\r\n<td>+1<\/td>\r\n<td>+2<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<td>+3<\/td>\r\n<td>+3<\/td>\r\n<td>+3<\/td>\r\n<td>+3<\/td>\r\n<td>+3<\/td>\r\n<td>+3<\/td>\r\n<td>+3<\/td>\r\n<td>+2<\/td>\r\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<td>+4<\/td>\r\n<td>+4<\/td>\r\n<td>+6<\/td>\r\n<td>+4<\/td>\r\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<td>+5<\/td>\r\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<td>+6<\/td>\r\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<td>+7<\/td>\r\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<figcaption>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 3d \u0dc1\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dda\u0dab\u0dd2\u0dba\u0dda \u0db8\u0dd6\u0dbd\u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dc0\u0dca\u200d\u0dba\u0dc0\u0dbd \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0da0\u0dbd\u0dca\u200d\u0dba \u0d94\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dc3\u0dd2\u0d9a\u0dbb\u0dab \u0d85\u0dc0\u0dc3\u0dca\u0dae\u0dcf<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h5>\u00a0<\/h5>\r\n<h5><strong>2. d \u0d9c\u0ddc\u0db1\u0dd4\u0dc0\u0dda \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dba\u0dd4\u0dad\u0dca \u0d8d\u0dab\u0dad\u0dcf\u0dc0 \u0dc0\u0dd0\u0da9\u0dd2\u0dba.<\/strong><\/h5>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\r\n<li>d \u0d9c\u0ddc\u0db1\u0dd4\u0dc0\u0dd9\u0dc4\u0dd2 \u0db8\u0dd6\u0dbd\u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dc0\u0dca\u200d\u0dba \u0dc0\u0dbd\u0da7 \u0dc0\u0da9\u0dcf \u0db0\u0db1 \u0d85\u0dba\u0db1 \u0dc3\u0dd1\u0daf\u0dd3\u0db8\u0dda \u0db4\u0dc4\u0dc3\u0dd4\u0dc0 s \u0d9c\u0ddc\u0db1\u0dd4\u0dc0\u0dda \u0db8\u0dd6\u0dbd\u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dc0\u0dca\u200d\u0dba \u0dc0\u0dbd \u0dc3\u0dcf\u0db8\u0dcf\u0db1\u0dca\u200d\u0dba\u0dba\u0dd9\u0db1\u0dca \u0dc0\u0dd0\u0da9\u0dd2\u0dba. \u0d91\u0db8 \u0db1\u0dd2\u0dc3\u0dcf d \u0d9c\u0ddc\u0db1\u0dd4\u0dc0\u0da7 \u0dc0\u0da9\u0dcf s \u0d9c\u0ddc\u0db1\u0dd4\u0dc0\u0dda \u0db8\u0dd6\u0dbd\u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dc0\u0dca\u200d\u0dba\u0dc0\u0dbd \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dba\u0dd4\u0dad\u0dca \u0db0\u0db1\u0dad\u0dcf\u0dc0 \u0dc0\u0dd0\u0da9\u0dd2\u0dba . \u0d91\u0db1\u0dd2\u0dc3\u0dcf d \u0d9c\u0ddc\u0db1\u0dd4\u0dc0\u0dda \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dba\u0dd4\u0dad\u0dca \u0d8d\u0dab\u0dad\u0dcf\u0dc0 \u0dc3\u0dcf\u0db4\u0dda\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dc2\u0dc2\u0dc0\u0dc0\u0dd0\u0da9\u0dd2 \u0db6\u0dc0 \u0dad\u0dbb\u0dca\u0d9a \u0d9a\u0dbd \u0dc4\u0dd0\u0d9a\u0dd2\u0dba.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\">\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\u00a0Sc<\/td>\r\n<td>\u00a0Ti<\/td>\r\n<td>\u00a0V<\/td>\r\n<td>\u00a0Cr<\/td>\r\n<td>\u00a0Mn<\/td>\r\n<td>\u00a0Fe<\/td>\r\n<td>\u00a0Co<\/td>\r\n<td>\u00a0Ni<\/td>\r\n<td>\u00a0Cu<\/td>\r\n<td>\u00a0Zn<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\u00a01.3<\/td>\r\n<td>\u00a01.5<\/td>\r\n<td>\u00a01.6<\/td>\r\n<td>\u00a01.6<\/td>\r\n<td>\u00a01.5<\/td>\r\n<td>\u00a01.8<\/td>\r\n<td>\u00a01.8<\/td>\r\n<td>\u00a01.8<\/td>\r\n<td>\u00a01.9<\/td>\r\n<td>\u00a01.6<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<figcaption>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 3d \u0db8\u0dd6\u0dbd\u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dc0\u0dca\u200d\u0dba\u0dc0\u0dbd \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dba\u0dd4\u0dad\u0dca \u0d8d\u0dab\u0dad\u0dcf<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\r\n<li>\u0d9a\u0dd2\u0dc3\u0dd2\u0dba\u0db8\u0dca \u0db4\u0dbb\u0db8\u0dcf\u0dab\u0dd4\u0dc0\u0d9a\u0dca \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0da0\u0dbd\u0dca\u200d\u0dba \u0d94\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dc3\u0dd2\u0d9a\u0dbb\u0dab \u0d85\u0d82\u0d9a \u0db4\u0dd9\u0db1\u0dca\u0dc0\u0dba\u0dd2 \u0db1\u0db8\u0dca \u0d91\u0dc4\u0dd2 \u0d89\u0dc4\u0dc5\u0db8 \u0d94\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dc3\u0dd2\u0d9a\u0dbb\u0dab \u0d85\u0d82\u0d9a\u0dba\u0da7 \u0d89\u0dc4\u0dc5 \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dba\u0dd4\u0dad\u0dca \u0d8d\u0dab\u0dad\u0dcf\u0dc0\u0d9a\u0dca \u0d87\u0dad.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3. d \u0d9c\u0ddc\u0db1\u0dd4\u0dc0\u0dda \u0d87\u0dad\u0dd0\u0db8\u0dca \u0db8\u0dd6\u0dbd\u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dc0\u0dca\u200d\u0dba\u0dc0\u0dbd, \u0d85\u0dba\u0db1 \u0dc0\u0dbd\u0da7 \u0dbd\u0dd2\u0d9c\u0db1\u0dca\u0da9 \u0dc3\u0db8\u0d9c \u0dc3\u0d82\u0d9c\u0dad \u0dc3\u0d82\u0d9a\u0dd3\u0dbb\u0dca\u0dab \u0dc3\u0dd1\u0daf\u0dd3\u0db8\u0dda \u0dc4\u0dd0\u0d9a\u0dd2\u0dba\u0dcf\u0dc0 \u0d87\u0dad.<\/strong><\/h5>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\r\n<li>\u0d8a\u0da7 \u0dc4\u0dda\u0dad\u0dd4 \u0dc0\u0db1\u0dca\u0db1\u0dda,\r\n<ol>\r\n<li>\u0d85\u0dbb\u0dba \u0d9a\u0dd4\u0da9\u0dcf\u0dc0\u0dd3\u0db8<\/li>\r\n<li>\u0d86\u0dbb\u0ddd\u0db4\u0dab\u0dba \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0dc1\u0dcf\u0dbd \u0dc0\u0dd3\u0db8.<\/li>\r\n<li>\u0d85\u0da9\u0dd4 \u0dc1\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dad\u0dd2 \u0dc3\u0dc4\u0dd2\u0dad \u0dc4\u0dd2\u0dc3\u0dca d \u0d9a\u0dcf\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dc2\u0dd2\u0d9a \u0db4\u0dd0\u0dc0\u0dad\u0dd3\u0db8.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\r\n<li>\u0d86\u0db1\u0dca\u200d\u0dad\u0dbb\u0dd2\u0d9a \u0db8\u0dd6\u0dbd\u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dc0\u0dca\u200d\u0dba\u0dc0\u0dbd \u0dc3\u0d82\u0d9c\u0dad \u0db6\u0db1\u0dca\u0db0\u0db1 \u0dc3\u0dd1\u0daf\u0dd3\u0db8 \u0dc3\u0db3\u0dc4\u0dcf \u0d8b\u0db4\u0dba\u0ddd\u0d9c\u0dd3 \u0d9a\u0dbb\u0d9c\u0db1\u0dca\u0db1\u0dda (n-1)d, ns np \u0dc4\u0dcf (n+1)d \u0d8b\u0db4 \u0dc1\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dad\u0dd2 \u0db8\u0da7\u0dca\u0da7\u0db8\u0dca \u0dc0\u0dbd\u0da7 \u0d85\u0dba\u0dad\u0dca \u0dc4\u0dd2\u0dc3\u0dca \u0d9a\u0dcf\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dc2\u0dd2\u0d9a\u0dba. (n = 3, 4, 5)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\">\r\n<table>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>\u0db8\u0db0\u0dca\u200d\u0dba \u0db4\u0dbb\u0db8\u0dcf\u0dab\u0dd4\u0dc0 \u0dc0\u0da7\u0dcf \u0dbd\u0dd2\u0d9c\u0db1\u0dca\u0da9 \u0d9c\u0dab\u0db1<\/th>\r\n<th>\u0dc4\u0dd0\u0da9\u0dba<\/th>\r\n<th>\u0d8b\u0daf\u0dcf\u0dc4\u0dbb\u0dab<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>2<\/td>\r\n<td>\u0dbb\u0dda\u0d9b\u0dd3\u0dba<\/td>\r\n<td>[Ag(NH<sub>3<\/sub>)<sub>2<\/sub>]<sup>+<\/sup>, [Cu(NH<sub>3<\/sub>)<sub>2<\/sub>]<sup>+<\/sup><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>4<\/td>\r\n<td>\u0da0\u0dad\u0dd4\u0dc3\u0dca\u0dad\u0dbd\u0dd3\u0dba<\/td>\r\n<td>[CoCl<sub>4<\/sub>]<sup>2-<\/sup>, <span class=\"has-inline-color\" style=\"color: #f1e01e\">[CuCl<sub>4<\/sub>]<sup>2-<\/sup><\/span>\u0dc0\u0dd0\u0db1\u0dd2 X\u00af \u0d85\u0dba\u0db1 4 \u0d9a\u0dca \u0d85\u0da9\u0d82\u0d9c\u0dd4 \u0dc3\u0d82\u0d9a\u0dd3\u0dbb\u0dca\u0dab<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>4<\/td>\r\n<td>\u0dad\u0dbd\u0dd3\u0dba \u0dc3\u0db8\u0da0\u0dad\u0dd4\u0dbb\u0dc3\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb<\/td>\r\n<td><span class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\">[Cu(NH<sub>3<\/sub>)<sub>4<\/sub>]<sup>2+<\/sup><\/span>,<span class=\"has-inline-color\" style=\"color: #f0e409\">[Ni(CN)<sub>4<\/sub>]<sup>2-<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>6<\/td>\r\n<td>\u0d85\u0dc2\u0dca\u0da7\u0dad\u0dbd\u0dd3\u0dba<\/td>\r\n<td>M<sup>2+<\/sup>, M<sup>3+ <\/sup>\u0d85\u0dba\u0db1 \u0dc0\u0dbd\u0da7 H<sub>2<\/sub>O, NH<sub>3 <\/sub>\u0dc0\u0dd0\u0db1\u0dd2 \u0d92\u0dc0\u0dcf 6 \u0d9a\u0dca \u0db6\u0dd0\u0db3\u0dd4\u0dab\u0dd6 \u0dc3\u0d82\u0d9c\u0dad \u0dc3\u0d82\u0d9a\u0dd3\u0dbb\u0dca\u0dab<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-default\">\r\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2912 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/learnsteer.sasnaka.org\/science\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2020\/12\/image-428-1024x355.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"591\" height=\"205\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learnsteer.sasnaka.org\/science\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2020\/12\/image-428-1024x355.png 1024w, https:\/\/learnsteer.sasnaka.org\/science\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2020\/12\/image-428-300x104.png 300w, https:\/\/learnsteer.sasnaka.org\/science\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2020\/12\/image-428-768x266.png 768w, https:\/\/learnsteer.sasnaka.org\/science\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2020\/12\/image-428-150x52.png 150w, https:\/\/learnsteer.sasnaka.org\/science\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2020\/12\/image-428-696x241.png 696w, https:\/\/learnsteer.sasnaka.org\/science\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2020\/12\/image-428-1068x373.png 1068w, https:\/\/learnsteer.sasnaka.org\/science\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2020\/12\/image-428.png 1077w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 591px) 100vw, 591px\" \/><\/figure>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>4. d \u0d9c\u0ddc\u0db1\u0dd4\u0dc0\u0dda \u0db8\u0dd6\u0dbd\u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dc0\u0dca\u200d\u0dba\u0dc0\u0dbd\u0da7, \u0d85\u0dba\u0db1\u0dc0\u0dbd\u0da7, \u0dc3\u0d82\u200d\u0dba\u0ddd\u0d9c\u0dc0\u0dbd\u0da7 \u0db6\u0ddc\u0dc4\u0ddd\u0dc0\u0dd2\u0da7 \u0d8b\u0dad\u0dca\u0db4\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dda\u0dbb\u0d9a \u0dbd\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dc2\u0dab \u0db4\u0dc0\u0dad\u0dd3.<\/strong><\/h5>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\r\n<li>\u0d85\u0dbb\u0dca\u0db0 \u0dc0\u0dc1\u0dba\u0dd9\u0db1\u0dca \u0db4\u0dd2\u0dbb\u0dd4\u0dab\u0dd4 \u0dc4\u0ddd \u0dc4\u0dd2\u0dc3\u0dca \u0d9a\u0dcf\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dc2\u0dd2\u0d9a \u0db4\u0dd0\u0dc0\u0dad\u0dd3\u0db8 \u0dc4\u0dda\u0dad\u0dd4\u0dc0\u0dd9\u0db1\u0dca \u0db6\u0ddc\u0dc4\u0ddd \u0d86\u0db1\u0dca\u0dad\u0dbb\u0dd2\u0d9a \u0dbd\u0ddd\u0dc4 \u0dc3\u0dc4 \u0dc3\u0d82\u200d\u0dba\u0ddd\u0d9c \u0d8b\u0dad\u0dca\u0db4\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dda\u0dbb\u0d9a \u0dc0\u0dc1\u0dba\u0dd9\u0db1\u0dca \u0dc4\u0dd0\u0dc3\u0dd2\u0dbb\u0dda.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\r\n<li>\u0d8b\u0daf\u0dcf :\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>\u0dc4\u0dba\u0dd2\u0da9\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0da2\u0db1\u0dd3\u0d9a\u0dbb\u0dab\u0dba \u0dc3\u0db3\u0dc4\u0dcf &#8211; Pd<\/li>\r\n<li>\u0d87\u0db8\u0ddd\u0db1\u0dd2\u0dba\u0dcf \u0db1\u0dba\u0dd2\u0da7\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0da2\u0db1\u0dca \u0d94\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dc3\u0dba\u0dd2\u0da9\u0dca \u0db6\u0dc0\u0da7 \u0d94\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dc3\u0dd2\u0d9a\u0dbb\u0dab\u0dba\u0da7 &#8211; Pt\/Rh<\/li>\r\n<li>SO<sub>2<\/sub>, SO<sub>3 <\/sub>\u0db6\u0dc0\u0da7 \u0d94\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dc3\u0dd2\u0d9a\u0dbb\u0dab\u0dba &#8211; V<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>5<\/sub><\/li>\r\n<li>\u0d91\u0dad\u0dd3\u0db1\u0dca \u0db6\u0dc4\u0dd4 \u0d85\u0dc0\u0dba\u0dc0\u0dd3\u0d9a\u0dbb\u0dab\u0dba \u0dc3\u0db3\u0dc4\u0dcf &#8211; TiCl<sub>3<\/sub>\/Al(C<sub>2<\/sub>H<sub>5<\/sub>)<sub>6<\/sub><\/li>\r\n<li>\u0dc3\u0dd1\u0db1\u0dca\u0da9\u0dca\u0db8\u0dba\u0dbb\u0dca \u0db4\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dad\u0dd2\u0d9a\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dd2\u0dba\u0dcf\u0dc0\u0da7 &#8211; Cu<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>5. \u0d94\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dc3\u0dd2\u0d9a\u0dcf\u0dbb\u0d9a \u0d94\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dc3\u0dd2\u0dc4\u0dcf\u0dbb\u0d9a \u0d9c\u0dd4\u0dab<\/strong><\/h5>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #008000\">Fe<sup>2+<\/sup><\/span> \u2192 <span style=\"color: #dede02\">Fe<sup>3+<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #00ccff\">Cu<sup>2+<\/sup> <\/span>\u2192 Cu<sup>+<\/sup><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>6. \u0d86\u0db1\u0dca\u0dad\u0dbb\u0dd2\u0d9a \u0db8\u0dd6\u0dbd\u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dc0\u0dca\u200d\u0dba \u0dc0\u0dbb\u0dca\u0dab\u0dc0\u0dad\u0dca \u0dbd\u0ddd\u0dc4 \u0d9a\u0dd0\u0da7\u0dcf\u0dba\u0db1 \u0dc3\u0dcf\u0daf\u0dba\u0dd2.<\/strong><\/h5>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\r\n<li>\u0da2\u0dbd\u0dd3\u0dba \u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dcf\u0dc0\u0dab\u0dc0\u0dbd \u0d87\u0dad\u0dd2 \u0db6\u0ddc\u0dc4\u0ddd \u0d86\u0db1\u0dca\u0dad\u0dbb\u0dd2\u0d9a \u0db8\u0dd6\u0dbd\u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dc0\u0dca\u200d\u0dba \u0d85\u0dba\u0db1 \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dba\u0dd4\u0dad\u0dca \u0da0\u0dd4\u0db8\u0dca\u0db7\u0d9a \u0dc0\u0dbb\u0dca\u0dab\u0dcf\u0dc0\u0dbd\u0dd2\u0dba\u0dda \u0daf\u0dd8\u0dc1\u0dca\u200d\u0dba \u0d9a\u0dbd\u0dcf\u0db4\u0dba\u0da7 \u0d85\u0dba\u0dad\u0dca \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0d9a\u0dd2\u0dbb\u0dab \u0d85\u0dc0\u0dc1\u0ddd\u0dc2\u0dab\u0dba \u0d9a\u0dbb \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0dc0\u0dd2\u0db0 \u0dc0\u0dbb\u0dca\u0dab \u0db1\u0dd2\u0db4\u0daf\u0dc0\u0dba\u0dd2. \u0db8\u0dda \u0dc4\u0dd0\u0d9a\u0dd2\u0dba\u0dcf\u0dc0 \u0d87\u0dad\u0dd2 \u0dc0\u0db1\u0dca\u0db1\u0dda \u0d85\u0dbb\u0dca\u0db0 \u0dbd\u0dd9\u0dc3 \u0db4\u0dd2\u0dbb\u0dd4\u0dab\u0dd4 d \u0d8b\u0db4 \u0d9a\u0dcf\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dc2\u0dd2\u0d9a \u0db4\u0dd2\u0dc4\u0dd2\u0da7\u0dd3\u0db8 \u0db1\u0dd2\u0dc3\u0dcf\u0dba.<\/li>\r\n<li><span class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\">\u0d85\u0dbb\u0dca\u0db0 \u0dc0\u0dc1\u0dba\u0dd9\u0db1\u0dca \u0db4\u0dd2\u0dbb\u0dd4\u0dab\u0dd4 d \u0d8b\u0db4 \u0d9a\u0dcf\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dc2\u0dd2\u0d9a \u0db1\u0ddc\u0db4\u0dd2\u0dc4\u0dd2\u0da7\u0dd3\u0db8 \u0db1\u0dd2\u0dc3\u0dcf \u0da2\u0dbd\u0dd3\u0dba Sc<sup>3+ <\/sup>\u0dc4\u0dcf Zn<sup>2+<\/sup> \u0d85\u0dc0\u0dbb\u0dca\u0dab \u0dc0\u0dda.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\">\u0dad\u0dc0\u0daf \u0da2\u0dbd\u0dd3\u0dba \u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dcf\u0dc0\u0dab\u0dc0\u0dbd \u0daf\u0dd3 d<sup>0<\/sup> \u0dc4\u0dcf d<sup>10 <\/sup>\u0dc0\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dca\u200d\u0dba\u0dcf\u0dc3\u0dba \u0d87\u0dad\u0dd2 \u0d9a\u0dd0\u0da7\u0dcf\u0dba\u0db1 \u0d85\u0dc0\u0dbb\u0dca\u0dab \u0dc0\u0dda.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\r\n<li>\u0da2\u0dbd\u0dd3\u0dba \u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dcf\u0dc0\u0dab\u0dc0\u0dbd\u0daf\u0dd3 \u0dc0\u0dbb\u0dca\u0dab \u0db4\u0dc4\u0dad \u0db4\u0dbb\u0dd2\u0daf\u0dd2 \u0dc0\u0dda.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\">\r\n<table style=\"width: 108%;height: 294px\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 26px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 16.3755%;height: 26px\"><strong>\u0d85\u0dba\u0db1\u0dba<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.1921%;height: 26px\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 21.179%;height: 26px\"><strong>\u0dc0\u0dbb\u0dca\u0dab\u0dba<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 12.0087%;height: 26px\"><strong>\u0d85\u0dba\u0db1\u0dba<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.7205%;height: 26px\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 17.0306%;height: 26px\"><strong>\u0dc0\u0dbb\u0dca\u0dab\u0dba<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 28px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 16.3755%;height: 28px\">Sc<sup>3+<\/sup><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.1921%;height: 28px\">(d<sup>0<\/sup>s<sup>0<\/sup>)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 21.179%;height: 28px\">\u0d85\u0dc0\u0dbb\u0dca\u0dab<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 12.0087%;height: 28px\"><span class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-green-cyan-color\" style=\"color: #008000\">Ni<sup>2+<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.7205%;height: 28px\">(d<sup>8<\/sup>s<sup>0<\/sup>)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 17.0306%;height: 28px\"><span style=\"color: #008000\">\u0d9a\u0ddc\u0dc5<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 28px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 16.3755%;height: 28px\">Ti<sup>4+<\/sup><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.1921%;height: 28px\">(d<sup>0<\/sup>s<sup>0<\/sup>)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 21.179%;height: 28px\">\u0d85\u0dc0\u0dbb\u0dca\u0dab<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 12.0087%;height: 28px\"><span class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\" style=\"color: #00ccff\">Cu<sup>2+<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.7205%;height: 28px\">(d<sup>9<\/sup>s<sup>0<\/sup>)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 17.0306%;height: 28px\"><span style=\"color: #00ccff\">\u0db1\u0dd2\u0dbd\u0dca<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 28px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 16.3755%;height: 28px\"><span class=\"has-inline-color\" style=\"color: #800080\">Cr<sup>3+<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.1921%;height: 28px\">(d<sup>3<\/sup>s<sup>0<\/sup>)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 21.179%;height: 28px\"><span style=\"color: #800080\">\u0daf\u0db8\u0dca<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 12.0087%;height: 28px\">Cu<sup>+<\/sup><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.7205%;height: 28px\">(d<sup>10<\/sup>s<sup>0<\/sup>)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 17.0306%;height: 28px\">\u0d85\u0dc0\u0dbb\u0dca\u0dab<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 52px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 16.3755%;height: 52px\"><span class=\"has-inline-color has-pale-pink-color\" style=\"color: #ff99cc\">Mn<sup>2+<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.1921%;height: 52px\">(d<sup>5<\/sup>s<sup>0<\/sup>)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 21.179%;height: 52px\"><span style=\"color: #ff99cc\">\u0dbd\u0dcf \u0dbb\u0ddd\u0dc3<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 12.0087%;height: 52px\">Zn<sup>2+<\/sup><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.7205%;height: 52px\">(d<sup>10<\/sup>s<sup>0<\/sup>)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 17.0306%;height: 52px\">\u0d85\u0dc0\u0dbb\u0dca\u0dab<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 52px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 16.3755%;height: 52px\"><span class=\"has-inline-color\" style=\"color: #ff9900\">Fe<sup>3+ <\/sup><\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.1921%;height: 52px\">(d<sup>5<\/sup>s<sup>0<\/sup>)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 21.179%;height: 52px\"><span style=\"color: #ff9900\">\u0daf\u0dd4\u0db9\u0dd4\u0dbb\u0dd4 \u0d9a\u0dc4<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 12.0087%;height: 52px\"><span class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"color: #800080\">Ti<sup>3+<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.7205%;height: 52px\">(d<sup>1<\/sup>s<sup>0<\/sup>)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 17.0306%;height: 52px\"><span style=\"color: #800080\">\u0daf\u0db8\u0dca<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 52px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 16.3755%;height: 52px\"><span class=\"has-inline-color\" style=\"color: #ccffcc\">Fe<sup>2+ <\/sup><\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.1921%;height: 52px\">(d<sup>6<\/sup>s<sup>0<\/sup>)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 21.179%;height: 52px\"><span style=\"color: #ccffcc\">\u0dbd\u0dcf \u0d9a\u0ddc\u0dbd<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 12.0087%;height: 52px\"><span class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\" style=\"color: #333399\">Cr<sup>2+<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.7205%;height: 52px\">(d<sup>4<\/sup>s<sup>0<\/sup>)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 17.0306%;height: 52px\"><span style=\"color: #333399\">\u0db1\u0dd2\u0dbd\u0dca<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 28px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 16.3755%;height: 28px\"><span class=\"has-inline-color\" style=\"color: #ff00ff\">Co<sup>2+<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.1921%;height: 28px\">(d<sup>7<\/sup>s<sup>0<\/sup>)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 21.179%;height: 28px\"><span style=\"color: #ff00ff\">\u0dbb\u0ddd\u0dc3<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 12.0087%;height: 28px\"><span class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"color: #800080\">Mn<sup>3+<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.7205%;height: 28px\">(d<sup>4<\/sup>s<sup>0<\/sup>)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 17.0306%;height: 28px\"><span style=\"color: #800080\">\u0daf\u0db8\u0dca<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-default\">\r\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2915 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/learnsteer.sasnaka.org\/science\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2020\/12\/image-431.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"679\" height=\"581\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learnsteer.sasnaka.org\/science\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2020\/12\/image-431-300x258.png 300w, https:\/\/learnsteer.sasnaka.org\/science\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2020\/12\/image-431-150x129.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 679px) 100vw, 679px\" \/><\/figure>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00a0<\/h5>\r\n<h5><strong>\u0d94\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dc3\u0dba\u0dd2\u0da9\u0dc0\u0dbd \u0dc3\u0dca\u0dc0\u0db7\u0dcf\u0dc0\u0dba <\/strong><\/h5>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\r\n<li>d \u0d9c\u0ddc\u0db1\u0dd4\u0dc0\u0dda \u0db8\u0dd6\u0dbd\u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dc0\u0dca\u200d\u0dba\u0dc0\u0dbd \u0d9a\u0dd2\u0dc3\u0dd2\u0dba\u0db8\u0dca \u0dbd\u0ddd\u0dc4\u0dba\u0d9a\u0da7 \u0d94\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dc3\u0dd2\u0d9a\u0dbb\u0dab \u0d85\u0d82\u0d9a \u0dbb\u0dcf\u0dc1\u0dd2\u0dba\u0d9a\u0dca \u0d87\u0dad\u0dd2\u0dc0\u0dd2\u0da7 \u0d94\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dc3\u0dba\u0dd2\u0da9\u0dc0\u0dbd \u0d9c\u0dd4\u0dab \u0d94\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dc3\u0dd2\u0d9a\u0dbb\u0dab \u0d85\u0d82\u0d9a\u0dba \u0db8\u0dad \u0dbb\u0db3\u0dcf\u0db4\u0dc0\u0dad\u0dd3. \u0db6\u0db1\u0dca\u0db0\u0db1 \u0dc3\u0dca\u0dc0\u0db7\u0dcf\u0dc0\u0dba \u0d94\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dc3\u0dd2\u0d9a\u0dbb\u0dab \u0d85\u0d82\u0d9a\u0dba \u0db8\u0dad \u0dbb\u0db3\u0dcf\u0db4\u0dc0\u0dad\u0dd3. \u0db6\u0db1\u0dca\u0db0\u0db1 \u0dc3\u0dca\u0dc0\u0db7\u0dcf\u0dc0\u0dba\u0dda \u0dc0\u0dd9\u0db1\u0dc3\u0dca\u0dc0\u0dd3\u0db8 \u0db8\u0d9c\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dca \u0dbd\u0ddd\u0dc4 \u0d94\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dc3\u0dba\u0dd2\u0da9\u0dc0\u0dbd \u0d85\u0db8\u0dca\u0dbd \u0db7\u0dc2\u0dca\u0db8 \u0dc3\u0dca\u0dc0\u0db7\u0dcf\u0dc0\u0dba \u0dad\u0dd3\u0dbb\u0dab\u0dba \u0d9a\u0dbb\u0dba\u0dd2. \u0d89\u0dc4\u0dc5 \u0d94\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dc3\u0dd2\u0d9a\u0dbb\u0dab \u0d85\u0d82\u0d9a \u0d87\u0dad\u0dd2 \u0dc3\u0d82\u200d\u0dba\u0ddd\u0d9c\u0dc0\u0dbd \u0dc3\u0dc4\u0dc3\u0d82\u200d\u0dba\u0dd4\u0da2 \u0db6\u0db1\u0dca\u0db0\u0db1 \u0db1\u0dd2\u0dc3\u0dcf \u0d86\u0db8\u0dca\u0dbd\u0dd2\u0d9a \u0dc0\u0db1 \u0d85\u0dad\u0dbb \u0db4\u0dc4\u0dc5 \u0d94\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dc3\u0dd2\u0d9a\u0dbb\u0dab \u0d85\u0d82\u0d9a \u0d87\u0dad\u0dd2 \u0dc3\u0d82\u200d\u0dba\u0ddd\u0d9c\u0dc0\u0dbd \u0d85\u0dba\u0db1\u0dd2\u0d9a \u0dbd\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dc2\u0dab \u0db1\u0dd2\u0dc3\u0dcf \u0db7\u0dcf\u0dc2\u0dca\u0db8\u0dd2\u0d9a \u0dc0\u0dda.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table alignleft\">\r\n<table class=\"has-subtle-pale-green-background-color has-background\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><span style=\"color: #bfbfbf\">VO<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td>(+2)<\/td>\r\n<td>\u0db7\u0dcf\u0dc2\u0dca\u0db8\u0dd2\u0d9a<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><span style=\"color: #000000\">V<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub><\/span><\/td>\r\n<td>(+3)<\/td>\r\n<td>\u0db7\u0dcf\u0dc2\u0dca\u0db8\u0dd2\u0d9a<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><span style=\"color: #000080\">VO<sub>2<\/sub><\/span><\/td>\r\n<td>(+4)<\/td>\r\n<td>\u0d8b\u0db7\u0dba\u0d9c\u0dd4\u0dab\u0dd2<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><span style=\"color: #ffff00\">V<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>5<\/sub><\/span><\/td>\r\n<td>(+5)<\/td>\r\n<td>\u0d86\u0db8\u0dca\u0dbd\u0dd2\u0d9a<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table alignright is-style-regular\">\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<table class=\"has-subtle-pale-blue-background-color has-background\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u00a0CrO<\/td>\r\n<td>(+2)<\/td>\r\n<td>\u0daf\u0dd4\u0db6\u0dbd \u0db7\u0dcf\u0dc2\u0dca\u0db8\u0dd2\u0d9a<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><span style=\"color: #993300\">Cr<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub><\/span><\/td>\r\n<td>(+3)<\/td>\r\n<td>\u0d8b\u0db7\u0dba\u0d9c\u0dd4\u0dab\u0dd2<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">CrO<sub>2<\/sub><\/td>\r\n<td>(+4)<\/td>\r\n<td>\u0daf\u0dd4\u0db6\u0dbd \u0d86\u0db8\u0dca\u0dbd\u0dd2\u0d9a<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><span style=\"color: #008000\">CrO<sub>3<\/sub><\/span><\/td>\r\n<td>(+6)<\/td>\r\n<td>\u0d86\u0db8\u0dca\u0dbd\u0dd2\u0d9a<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table aligncenter\">\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<table class=\"has-subtle-pale-pink-background-color has-background\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>MnO<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">(+2)<\/td>\r\n<td>\u0db7\u0dcf\u0dc2\u0dca\u0db8\u0dd2\u0d9a<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Mn<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">(+3)<\/td>\r\n<td>\u0daf\u0dd4\u0db6\u0dbd \u0db7\u0dcf\u0dc2\u0dca\u0db8\u0dd2\u0d9a<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><span style=\"color: #800000\">MnO<sub>2<\/sub><\/span><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">(+4)<\/td>\r\n<td>\u0d8b\u0db7\u0dba\u0d9c\u0dd4\u0dab\u0dd2<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>MnO<sub>3<\/sub><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">(+6)<\/td>\r\n<td>\u0daf\u0dd4\u0db6\u0dbd \u0d86\u0db8\u0dca\u0dbd\u0dd2\u0d9a<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Mn<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>7<\/sub><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">(+7)<\/td>\r\n<td>\u0d86\u0db8\u0dca\u0dbd\u0dd2\u0d9a<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons aligncenter is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-shadow td_btn_normal\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link\" style=\"border-radius: 15px\" href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/uc?export=download&amp;id=1EVJtCIQLM9sP886zEA1xtiHQ99QBpG5k\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u0db4\u0dcf\u0da9\u0db8\u0dda \u0dc3\u0da7\u0dc4\u0db1 Download \u0d9a\u0dbb\u0d9c\u0db1\u0dca\u0db1.<\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons aligncenter is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-shadow td_btn_normal\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link\" style=\"border-radius: 15px\" href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/uc?id=1Et8V2zU47bJMKqgyV7zfhq1OvM8J6YG3&amp;export=download\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u0dad\u0dc0\u0dad\u0dca \u0db4\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dc1\u0dca\u0db1 \u0db4\u0dd9\u0db1\u0dca\u0dc0\u0db1\u0dca\u0db1.<\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>d \u0d9c\u0ddc\u0db1\u0dd4\u0dc0\u0dda \u0db8\u0dd6\u0dbd\u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dc0\u0dca\u200d\u0dba \u0dc0\u0dbd \u0db7\u0dde\u0dad\u0dd2\u0d9a \u0dc4\u0dcf \u0dbb\u0dc3\u0dcf\u0dba\u0db1\u0dd2\u0d9a \u0dbd\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dc2\u0dab \u0db4\u0dd2\u0dc5\u0dd2\u0db6\u0db3\u0dc0 \u0db8\u0dd9\u0dc4\u0dd2 \u0d9a\u0dad\u0dcf \u0d9a\u0dbb\u0dba\u0dd2.\u0d94\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dc3\u0dd2\u0d9a\u0dbb\u0dab \u0d85\u0d82\u0d9a ,\u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dc0\u0dcf\u0d9a\u0dca\u0d9a,\u0dad\u0dcf\u0db4\u0dcf\u0d82\u0d9a \u0dc0\u0dbd\u0da7 \u0d85\u0db8\u0dad\u0dbb\u0dc0 d \u0d9c\u0ddc\u0db1\u0dd4\u0dc0\u0dda \u0d94\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dc3\u0dba\u0dd2\u0da9 \u0dc0\u0dbd \u0d86\u0db8\u0dca\u0dbd\u0dd2\u0d9a \u0db7\u0dcf\u0dc2\u0dca\u0db8\u0dd2\u0d9a \u0dc3\u0dca\u0dc0\u0db7\u0dcf\u0dc0\u0dba \u0d9c\u0dd0\u0db1 \u0db4\u0dd0\u0dc4\u0dd0\u0daf\u0dd2\u0dbd\u0dd2 \u0d9a\u0dd2\u0dbb\u0dd3\u0db8 \u0db8\u0dd3\u0da7 \u0d87\u0dad\u0dd4\u0dc5\u0dad\u0dca \u0dc0\u0dd9\u0dba\u0dd2.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":10014,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[814,1126,8271,6207],"tags":[1856,1855,1859,2092,232,1984,1985,1986,1987,1867,1858,1857,1865,2096,1903,1465,1899,2098,2097,2091,1921,1863,1860,1864,1918,2095,1862,2094,1861,2093,1462],"class_list":{"0":"post-2328","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-chemistry-06","8":"category-06-03-d-","9":"category-43--dawasata-padamak-chemistry","10":"category-dawasata-padamak-chemistry","11":"tag-akaabanika-rasaayanaya","12":"tag-akabanika-rasayanaya","13":"tag-block","14":"tag-cations","15":"tag-chemistry","16":"tag-d","17":"tag-d-block","18":"tag-d-gonuwa","19":"tag-d-","20":"tag-gonuwam","21":"tag-inorganic","22":"tag-inorganic-chemistry","23":"tag-kaandaya","24":"tag-katayana","25":"tag-lakshana","26":"tag-loha","27":"tag-metal","28":"tag-oksikarana-anka","29":"tag-oxida","30":"tag-oxidation-numbers","31":"tag-oxides","32":"tag-period","33":"tag-spd","34":"tag-1864","35":"tag-1918","36":"tag-2095","37":"tag-1862","38":"tag-2094","39":"tag-1861","40":"tag-2093","41":"tag-1462"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/learnsteer.sasnaka.org\/science\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2328"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/learnsteer.sasnaka.org\/science\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/learnsteer.sasnaka.org\/science\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learnsteer.sasnaka.org\/science\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/13"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learnsteer.sasnaka.org\/science\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2328"}],"version-history":[{"count":30,"href":"https:\/\/learnsteer.sasnaka.org\/science\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2328\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":32469,"href":"https:\/\/learnsteer.sasnaka.org\/science\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2328\/revisions\/32469"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learnsteer.sasnaka.org\/science\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10014"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/learnsteer.sasnaka.org\/science\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2328"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learnsteer.sasnaka.org\/science\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2328"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learnsteer.sasnaka.org\/science\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2328"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}