විද්‍යා අංශයසංයුක්ත ගණිතය04.05.04 - විචල්‍ය මාරු කිරීමෙන් අනුකලනය කිරීම

04.05.04 – විචල්‍ය මාරු කිරීමෙන් අනුකලනය කිරීම

විචල්‍ය මාරු කිරීමෙන් අනුකලනය කිරීම

ප්‍රමේයය

\int\left\{f\left(x\right)\right\}^nf'\left(x\right)dx=\frac{\left\{f\left(x\right)\right\}^{n+1}}{n+1}+c

 

සාධනය  

\begin{array}{rcl}\frac d{dx}\left[\frac{\left\{f\left(x\right)\right\}^{n+1}}{n+1}+c\right]&=&\frac1{\left(n+1\right)}.(n+1)\left\{f\left(x\right)\right\}^{n+1-1}\frac d{dx}f\left(x\right)+0\\&=&\left\{f\left(x\right)\right\}^n.f'\left(x\right)\end{array}
  • අනුකලනය අර්ථ දැක්වීමට අනුව,

     \int\left\{f\left(x\right)\right\}^nf'\left(x\right)dx=\frac{\left\{f\left(x\right)\right\}^{n+1}}{n+1}+c වේ.

  • උදාහරණ 01
\begin{array}{l}\int\sin^3x\cos dx\\\frac d{dx}\left(\sin x\right)=\cos x\Rightarrow d\left(\sin x\right)=\cos xdx\\\int\sin^3x\cos dx=\int\sin^3xd\left(\sin x\right)\\{=\frac14\sin^4x+c}\\\\\end{array}
  • උදාහරණ 02
\begin{array}{l}\int x^3e^{x^4}dx\\\\\end{array}

\begin{array}{l}\frac d{dx}\left(x^4\right)=4x^3\Rightarrow d\left(x^4\right)=4x^3dx\\\\\end{array}

\begin{array}{rcl}\int x^3e^{x^4}dx&=&\frac14\int e^{x^4}d\left(x^4\right)\\&=&\frac14e^{x^4}+c\\&&\\&&\end{array}  ; c- අභිමත නියතයකි

 

  • උදාහරණ 03
\begin{array}{rcl}&&\int e^{\cos x}\sin xdx\\&&\\&&\\&&\end{array}
\begin{array}{rcl}\frac d{dx}\left(\cos x\right)&=&-\sin x\Rightarrow d\left(\cos x\right)=-\sin xdx\\&&\\&&\end{array}
\begin{array}{rcl}\int e^{\cos x}\sin xdx&=&-\int e^{\cos x}d\left(\cos x\right)\\&=&-e^{\cos x}+c\\&&\\&&\end{array}
  • උදාහරණ 04
\begin{array}{l}\int e^x(1-e^x)^3dx\\\frac d{dx}(e^x)=e^x\;\Rightarrow\;e^xdx\\\end{array}

\begin{array}{rcl}\therefore\int e^x(1-e^x)^3dx&=&\int(1-e^x)^3.d(e^x)\\&=&\int d(e^x)-3\int e^xd(e^x)+3\int e^{x^2}d(e^x)-{\int e^{x^3}d(e^x})\\&=&e^x-\frac32e^{x^2}+e^{x^3}-\frac14e^{x^4}+C\;(C\;අභිමත\;නියතයකි)\end{array}

  • උදාහරණ 05

\begin{array}{rcl}&&\int\left(2x+1\right)e^{\left(x^2+x\right)}dx\\&&\\&&\\&&\end{array}

\begin{array}{rcl}&&\\\frac d{dx}\left(x^2+x\right)&=&2x+1\Rightarrow d\left(x^2+x\right)=\left(2x+1\right)dx\\&&\\&&\end{array}

\begin{array}{rcl}\int\left(2x+1\right)e^{\left(x^2+x\right)}dx&=&\int e^{\left(x^2+x\right)}d\left(x^2+x\right)\\&=&\frac12e^{\left(x^2+x\right)}+c\\&&\\&&\\&&\end{array}

  • උදාහරණ 06
\begin{array}{rcl}&&\int\left(\frac{\sin x+\cos x}{\cos x-\sin x}\right)\left(2+2\sin2x\right)dx\\&&\\&&\\&&\end{array} \begin{array}{rcl}\frac d{dx}\left(\cos x-\sin x\right)&=&-\left(\sin x+\cos x\right)\Rightarrow d\left(\cos x-\sin x\right)=-\left(\sin x+\cos x\right)dx\\&&\\&&\\&&\end{array} \begin{array}{rcl}\int\left(\frac{\sin x+\cos x}{\cos x-\sin x}\right)\left(2+2\sin2x\right)dx&=&-\int\frac{\left(2+2\sin2x\right)}{\left(\cos x-\sin x\right)}d\left(\cos x-\sin x\right)\\&=&-2\int\frac{\left(1+\sin2x\right){\displaystyle d}{\displaystyle\left(\cos x-\sin x\right)}}{\left(\cos x-\sin x\right)}\\&=&-2\int\frac{\left(1+2\sin x\cos x\right){\displaystyle d}{\displaystyle\left(\cos x-\sin x\right)}}{\left(\cos x-\sin x\right)}\\&=&-2\int\frac{\left[1+1-\left(\left(\cos x-\sin x\right)^2\right)\right]d\left(\cos x-\sin x\right)}{\left(\cos x-\sin x\right)}\\&=&-4\int\frac{d\left(\cos x-\sin x\right)}{\left(\cos x-\sin x\right)}+2\int\left(\cos x-\sin x\right)d\left(\cos x-\sin x\right)\\&=&-4\ln\left|\cos x-\sin x\right|+\left(\cos x-\sin x\right)^2+c\\&&\\&&\\&&\end{array}

පහතින් දක්වා ඇත්තේ මේ ආකාරයේ ගැටළු විසඳීමට ආදේශ කිරීම් යොදා ගන්නා ආකාරය වේ. මෙය සම්බන්ධව පසුව විස්තරාත්මකව සාක්ච්ඡා කෙරෙන නිසා පහතින් විසඳුම පමණක් දක්වා ඇත.

  • උදාහරණ 07
\begin{array}{rcl}&&\int\frac{\sin x+\sin^3x}{\cos2x}dx\\&&\\&&\\&&\end{array} \begin{array}{rcl}t&=&\cos x\Rightarrow\frac{dt}{dx}=-\sin x\Rightarrow dt=-\sin xdx\\&&\\&&\\&&\end{array} \begin{array}{rcl}\int\frac{\sin x+\sin^3x}{\cos2x}dx&=&\int\frac{\sin{\displaystyle x}{\displaystyle\left(1+\sin^2x\right)}{\displaystyle\left(\sin xdx\right)}}{\displaystyle\left(2\cos^2x-1\right)}\\&=&\int\frac{\left(2-t^2\right){\displaystyle\left(-dt\right)}}{\left(2t^2-1\right)}\\&=&-2\int\frac{dt}{\left(2t^2-1\right)}+\int\frac{t^2dt}{\left(2t^2-1\right)}\\&=&-2\int\frac{\displaystyle dt}{\displaystyle\left(2t^2-1\right)}+\frac12\int\frac{t^2}{\left(t^2-{\displaystyle\frac12}\right)}\\&=&-2\int\frac{\displaystyle dt}{\displaystyle\left(2t^2-1\right)}+\frac12\int dt+\frac14\int\frac{dt}{\left(t^2-\frac12\right)}\\&=&\frac{\displaystyle1}{\displaystyle2}\int dt-\frac34\int\frac{\displaystyle dt}{\displaystyle\left(t^2-\frac{\displaystyle1}{\displaystyle2}\right)}\\&=&\frac{\displaystyle1}{\displaystyle2}\int dt-\frac32\int\frac{dt}{\left(2t^2-1\right)}\\&=&\frac{\displaystyle1}{\displaystyle2}\int dt-\frac34\int\left[\frac1{\displaystyle\left(\sqrt2t-1\right)}-\frac1{\left(\sqrt2t+1\right)}\right]dt\\&=&\frac12\cos x-\frac3{4\sqrt2}\ln\left|\frac{\sqrt2{\displaystyle\cos}{\displaystyle x}{\displaystyle-}{\displaystyle1}}{\sqrt2\cos x+1}\right|+c\\&&\\&&\\&&\end{array}

“Wholeness is not achieved by cutting off a portion of one’s being, but by integration of the contraries.”
-Carl Jung-

 

 

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